Table 2 Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model for osteoporosis.

From: Non‐fermented tea consumption protects against osteoporosis among Chinese male elders using the Taiwan biobank database

Variables

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

p value

Model 1b

Sex: Female (vs Male)

1.50 (1.00–2.27)

0.051

Age: ≥ 60 y (vs 40 ~  < 60 y)

2.57 (1.85–3.58)

 < 0.001***

Educational level (vs College or graduate school)

 High school

1.54 (1.11–2.14)

0.010 **

 None or elementary school

1.36 (0.79–2.34)

0.262

Residential urbanicity (vs Urban)

 Suburban

0.79 (0.57–1.09)

0.147

 Rural

0.69 (0.38–1.26)

0.225

Baseline comorbidity

 Family history of osteoporosis: Yes (vs No)

1.31 (0.87–1.96)

0.192

 Diabetes mellitus: Yes (vs No)

1.35 (0.83–2.19)

0.229

 Coronary heart disease: Yes (vs No)

0.86 (0.35–2.13)

0.742

Body Composition profile

 Waist circumference

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

0.304

 Hip circumference

1.03 (0.98–1.07)

0.216

 BMI

0.88 (0.80–0.96)

0.006**

Behavioral factors

 Tea drinking: Non-fermented tea (vs Fermented tea)

1.22 (0.89–1.66)

0.213

 Total tea drinking amounta (vs 1–3 cup/day)

  4–6 cups/day

1.22 (0.86–1.74)

0.269

  > 6 cups/day

1.20 (0.78–1.85)

0.417

 Coffee drinking habits: Drink coffee (vs No)

1.11 (0.82–1.51)

0.482

 Regular diet: > 3 meals per day (vs 1–3 meals/day)

1.15 (0.28–4.69)

0.850

 Regular exercise: Yes (vs No)

0.74 (0.54–1.01)

0.056

 Smoking experience: Yes (vs No)

1.03 (0.68–1.56)

0.883

 Weekday Sleeping Time: After midnight (vs Before midnight)

0.81 (0.32–2.05)

0.657

 Weekend Sleeping Time: After midnight (vs Before midnight)

0.84 (0.34–2.07)

0.700

Model 2c

Educational level (vs College or graduate school)

 High school

1.54 (1.11–2.14)

0.010*

 None or elementary school

1.37 (0.80–2.35)

0.259

BMI

0.88 (0.80–0.96)

0.006**

Sex and tea drinking

 Male, drink fermented tea (n = 1181)

1

 

 Male, drink non-fermented tea (n = 405)

1.08 (0.64–1.83)

0.775

 Female, drink fermented tea (n = 1024)

1.42 (0.89–2.25)

0.139

 Female, drink non-fermented tea (n = 629)

1.84 (1.13–3.00)

0.014*

Model 3d

Educational level (vs College or graduate school)

 High school

1.55 (1.11–2.15)

0.010**

 None or elementary school

1.34 (0.78–2.31)

0.285

BMI

0.88 (0.80–0.97)

0.008**

Age and tea drinking

 40 ~  < 60 Y, drink fermented tea (n = 1565)

1

 

 40 ~  < 60 Y, drink non-fermented tea (n = 791)

1.52 (1.02–2.26)

0.041*

 ≥ 60 Y, drink fermented tea (n = 640)

3.14 (2.10–4.69)

 < 0.001***

 ≥ 60 Y, drink non-fermented tea (n = 243)

2.77 (1.66–4.60)

 < 0.001***

Model 4e

Educational level (vs College or graduate school)

 High school

1.51 (1.09–2.10)

0.014*

 None or elementary school

1.30 (0.76–2.25)

0.339

BMI

0.88 (0.80–0.97)

0.008**

Regular exercise: Yes (vs No)

0.73 (0.53–0.99)

0.044*

Sex, age and tea drinking

 Male, 40 ~  < 60 Y, drink fermented tea (n = 785)

0.22 (0.11–0.42)

 < 0.001***

 Male, 40 ~  < 60 Y, drink non-fermented tea (n = 294)

0.35 (0.17–0.74)

0.005**

 Male, ≥ 60 Y, drink fermented tea (n = 396)

0.45 (0.23–0.87)

0.017*

 Male, ≥ 60 Y, drink non-fermented tea (n = 111)

0.12 (0.03–0.53)

0.005**

 Female, 40 ~  < 60 Y, drink fermented tea (n = 780)

0.21 (0.11–0.37)

 < 0.001***

 Female, 40 ~  < 60 Y, drink non-fermented tea (n = 497)

0.33 (0.18–0.60)

 < 0.001***

 Female, ≥ 60 Y, drink fermented tea (n = 244)

0.96 (0.54–1.69)

0.885

 Female, ≥ 60 Y, drink non-fermented tea (n = 132)

1

 
  1. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; BMI, body mass index.
  2. p < 0.05*; p < 0.01**; p < 0.001***.
  3. aTotal tea drinking amount was divided by cups (200 ml).
  4. bHazard ratio without adjusting confounding factors.
  5. cHazard ratio adjusted for age, residential urbanicity, family history of osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, waist circumference, hip circumference, total tea drinking amount, coffee drinking habits, regular diet > 3 meals per day, regular exercise, smoking experience, weekday sleeping time, and weekend sleeping time.
  6. dHazard ratio adjusted for sex and all variables in footnote c, except for age.
  7. eHazard ratio adjusted for all variables in footnote c, except for age and sex.
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