Figure 5

Comparison of low-latitude Phanerozoic temperature curves from this study (30° S to 30° N), Song et al. (2019; 40° S to 40° N), Vérard and Veizer (2020; 35° S to 35° N), and Scotese et al.³⁰ (“tropical”). Differences in curves reflect in part acceptance (this study; Song et al.³⁰) or rejection^22,30 of the buffered hydrosphere δ¹⁸O model^31,32 which constrains global seawater δ¹⁸O between roughly −1 and 1‰ VSMOW. Geologic time scale abbreviations same as in Fig. 1. Dashed lines represent ± 95% confidence interval for this study’s results.