Table 1 Parameters and notations along with their values used in simulations.

Airflow characteristics

\(\rho _f\)

Air density

1.2 \(\times 10^{-4}\) (gcm\(^{-3}\))

\(\mu\)

Air viscosity

1.81 \(\times 10^{-4}\) (g cm¹s\(^{-1}\))

\(Q_0\)

Inlet airflow⁵

30 (lmin\(^{-1}\))

g

Acceleration of gravity

980 (cm s\(^{-2}\))

\(\lambda\)

Mean free path of gas molecules¹⁷

0.066 \(\times 10^{-4}\) (cm)

\(K_B\)

Boltzmann constant

1.38\(\times 10^{-23}\) (JK\(^{-1}\))

T

Room Temperature

298 (K)

L and \(d_L\)

Airway Length and diameter⁵

Table 1 in SI

Virus characteristics and data

\(C_0\)

Inlet virus concentration³

\(1\times 10^{7}\) (Copies /ml)

A

ACE2 concentration¹²

\({\mathcal {N}}(5.83, 0.71)\)(Copies/ml)

\(d_p\)

Diameter of virus particle¹⁸

60–140 (nm)

\(\rho _p\)

Density of virus particle^19,20

1.18 (gcm\(^{-3}\))

p

Virus reproduction rate³

8.2 (day\(^{-1}\))

c

Virus clearing rate³

0.6 (day\(^{-1}\))

b

Virus infection rate with susceptible cells³

\(3.9 \times 10^{-7}({\rm Copies}/{\rm ml})^{-1} {\rm day}^{-1}\)

d

Infected cell clearing rate³

\(4.71 ({\rm day}^{-1}\))

Immune response data

K

Maximum carrying capacity³

\(10^8\) (Copies/ml)

\(c_T\)

Virus killing rate by immune T-cells³

\(5.01 \times 10^{-8}\) (\({\rm day}^{-1}\))

r

Immune T-cell proliferation rate³

5.89 (\({\rm day}^{-1}\))

\(d_T\)

Half life of T-cell³

\(2.9 \times 10^{-2}\) (\({\rm Copies}/\mu {\rm l}\))

\(k_T\)

Half saturation constant³

\(7.94 \times 10^7\) (Copies/ml)

\(T_0\)

T-cell level absence of viral infection²¹

\(955 - 2860\) (\({\rm Copies}/\mu {\rm l}\))

\(T_0\) for age²²

–

\(2907^{a}, 2533^{b}\), \(1361^{c}\) (\({\rm Copies}/\mu {\rm l}\))

\(T_0\) for gender²²

–

\(2841^{m}, 3226^{f}\) (\(Copies/\mu l\))

\(T_0\) for lifestyles²

–

\(1690^s\), \(1551^{ns}\),

\(1550^{al}\), and \(1595^{nal}\) (\({\rm Copies}/\mu {\rm l}\))