Table 6 Covariates in causal models.
Category | Variables |
|---|---|
Diagnosis | Topographic sub-type, diagnosis side, whether limb is affected or unaffected (unilateral sub-types) |
Anthropometry | Age, sex |
Time and distance parameters | Timing of foot-off, opposite foot-off, and opposite foot contact, dimensionless speed and step length (17) |
Neurological Impairments | Spasticity: Modified Ashworth Scores for hip adductors, hip flexors, hamstrings, plantarflexors, and rectus femoris Strength: Manual Muscle Test Grades for hip abductors, hip flexors and extensors, knee flexors and extensors, and plantarflexors Static selective motor control: Clinical grade of absent, diminished, or typical control for hip abductors, hip flexors, hip extensors, knee flexors, knee extensors, and ankle plantarflexors |
Contracture | Ankle: maximum passive ankle dorsiflexion (knee at 0° and 90° of flexion) Knee: maximum passive knee flexion and extension Hip: maximum passive hip flexion and extension |
Bony alignment | Tibial torsion: bimalleolar axis angle Femoral anteversion: anteversion estimated by trochanteric prominence test, maximum hip internal and external rotation |
Kinematic gait deviations | Gait deviation Index Discretized kinematic data for Levels × Planes × Measures, where levels = pelvis, hip, knee, ankle, and foot planes = sagittal, coronal, and transverse plane measures = angle value at initial contact and foot-off, angle value and timing of maximum and minimum during stance, swing, and overall, mean angle, angle range of motion during stance, swing, and gait cycle |
Mobility-related function | Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level |
Prior and interval treatment | Neurological: selective dorsal rhizotomy, botulinum toxin type A or phenol injection, intrathecal baclofen pump implantation, other neurosurgery (e.g., shunt placement, neurectomy) Bony: femoral derotation osteotomy, tibial derotation osteotomy, foot and ankle bony surgery, distal femoral extension osteotomy Soft tissue: adductor release, foot and ankle soft tissue surgery, calf muscle lengthening, psoas release, hamstrings lengthening, patellar advance, rectus femoris transfer Casting: lower leg cast (short or long) Propensity: probability of receiving one of the 13 target treatments |
