Table 4 Between group findings.

Motor findings

UPDRS

13.63 ± 7.44

15.30 ± 8.83

0.839

6.90 ± 3.56

9.53 ± 9.16

0.771

− 2.150 (− 8.166 to 3.866)

0.143

0.006

0.708

BBT

44.63 ± 9.67

44.23 ± 5.89

0.597

51.27 ± 5.93

53.30 ± 2.46

0.555

− 0.815 (− 5.844 to 4.215)

1.656

0.070

0.212

TUG

14.90 ± 2.86

16.05 ± 6.95

0.862

13.01 ± 2.12

12.61 ± 5.44

0.622

− 0.378 (− 4.167 to 3.411)

0.843

0.037

0.368

6MWT

198.90 ± 56.26

195.15 ± 75.36

0.816

283.63 ± 69.06

242.76 ± 76.35

0.283

22.311 (− 30.753 to 75.375)

1.969

0.082

0.174

ABCS

995.90 ± 351.10

1033.46 ± 335.29

0.839

1217.27 ± 352.13

1045.38 ± 402.31

0.385

67.168 (− 204.566 to 338.902)

2.276

0.094

0.146

Cognition and mood

MMSE

26.36 ± 1.85

25.15 ± 2.79

0.292

26.63 ± 1.62

24.84 ± 3.50

0.291

1.500 (− 0.513 to 3.513)

0.398

0.018

0.535

MoCA

22.27 ± 2.19

22.76 ± 3.39

0.430

24.54 ± 1.50

23.00 ± 4.91

0.726

0.524 (− 2.177 to 3.226)

5.308

0.186

0.035*

GDS

7.09 ± 6.13

10.46 ± 8.56

0.352

4.90 ± 3.23

9.00 ± 8.55

0.293

− 3.731 (− 9.267 to 1.806)

0.091

0.004

0.765

PDQ-39

42.72 ± 26.38

48.84 ± 24.82

0.562

24.72 ± 15.81

33.00 ± 27.53

0.772

− 7.196 (− 24.706 to 10.315)

0.042

0.002

0.840

Attention

DS forward

5.27 ± 0.90

5.57 ± 1.11

0.437

5.09 ± 1.04

5.15 ± 0.80

1.000

− 0.180 (− 0.910 to 0.549)

0.390

0.017

0.539

DS backward

3.45 ± 1.21

3.41 ± 0.86

1.000

3.36 ± 0.92

3.23 ± 0.83

0.665

0.085 (− 0.635 to 0.805)

0.660

0.003

0.799

Executive functions

Stroop TD

71.95 ± 27.96

68.25 ± 22.21

0.931

57.94 ± 23.81

65.50 ± 22.16

0.706

− 1.931 (− 20.410 to 16.549)

1.848

0.077

0.188

VF–fruit name pairs

7.00 ± 0.89

5.76 ± 1.92

0.065

6.98 ± 1.67

6.92 ± 1.93

0.552

0.646 (− 0.624 to 1.917)

3.335

0.132

0.081

Categorical fluency

15.81 ± 5.94

15.15 ± 4.21

0.907

17.00 ± 6.61

16.07 ± 3.81

0.954

0.794 (− 3.311 to 4.898)

0.029

0.001

0.867

Phonemic fluency

23.81 ± 14.55

22.09 ± 12.89

0.505

24.00 ± 6.38

24.56 ± 7.68

0.908

0.581 (− 7.357 to 8.518)

0.247

0.011

0.624

Abstract thinking

2.72 ± 0.64

2.66 ± 0.62

0.567

2.63 ± 1.02

2.61 ± 0.65

0.677

0.039 (− 0.512 to 0.590)

0.015

0.001

0.905

Similarities

9.18 ± 1.07

7.72 ± 2.06

0.059

9.36 ± 1.20

8.92 ± 1.32

0.323

0.949 (− 0.146 to 2.044)

2.695

0.109

0.115

CDT

2.27 ± 0.64

3.00 ± 1.52

0.167

3.18 ± 0.98

2.67 ± 1.49

0.480

− 0.111 (− 1.089 to 0.867)

3.536

0.138

0.073

Memory

Visual immediate recall

5.45 ± 3.35

6.61 ± 4.03

0.466

7.36 ± 3.29

8.37 ± 5.83

0.884

− 1.088 (− 4.326 to 2.151)

0.008

0.000

0.932

Visual delayed recall

3.09 ± 2.21

6.07 ± 4.62

0.143

7.00 ± 3.68

7.00 ± 4.83

0.907

− 1.493 (− 4.708 to 1.722)

6.358

0.224

0.019*

Visual recognition

1.81 ± 0.87

1.84 ± 1.67

0.881

3.09 ± 0.70

2.84 ± 1.40

0.927

0.110 (− 0.767 to 0.987)

0.217

0.010

0.646

Logical immediate recall

14.63 ± 4.52

12.47 ± 3.61

0.139

13.07 ± 3.51

10.83 ± 4.48

0.163

2.204 (− 0.658 to 5.066)

0.002

0.000

0.967

Logical delayed recall

14.36 ± 4.94

12.36 ± 5.13

0.296

12.51 ± 4.03

11.29 ± 5.66

0.560

1.613 (− 1.940 to 5.165)

0.118

0.005

0.735

VMPT immediate recall

3.00 ± 1.18

4.23 ± 1.69

0.017*

4.18 ± 1.25

4.00 ± 1.35

0.633

− 0.524 (− 1.421 to 0.372)

3.537

0.139

0.073

VMPT delayed recall

7.09 ± 2.50

5.53 ± 3.33

0.254

6.81 ± 3.99

8.07 ± 4.29

0.337

0.147 (− 2.515 to 2.809)

3.579

0.140

0.072

VMPT recognition

4.18 ± 1.60

4.15 ± 3.67

0.539

4.27 ± 2.28

3.38 ± 2.02

0.113

0.685 (− 0.889 to 2.260)

0.824

0.036

0.374

VMPT Total

11.36 ± 2.20

9.69 ± 4.66

0.641

11.54 ± 3.77

11.46 ± 4.23

0.883

0.878 (− 2.007 to 3.762)

1.032

0.045

0.321

Language

BNT

22.81 ± 4.06

25.39 ± 4.76

0.115

25.90 ± 3.75

25.92 ± 5.20

0.705

− 1.297 (− 5.005 to 2.412)

6.551

0.229

0.018*

Visual spatial functions

BFR

42.72 ± 4.10

40.92 ± 3.66

0.321

41.27 ± 2.14

40.07 ± 5.00

0.540

1.500 (− 1.531 to 4.531)

0.209

0.009

0.652

Line orientation

42.08 ± 10.44

41.76 ± 13.94

0.727

48.79 ± 5.93

44.97 ± 11.13

0.523

2.067 (− 5.968 to 10.103)

0.642

0.028

0.432