Table 3 The risk of mortality according to the presence of asthma and its coexisting respiratory comorbidities.

From: Additive effects of coexisting respiratory comorbidities on overall or respiratory mortality in patients with asthma: a national cohort study

 

Unadjusted model

Model 1

Model 2

All-cause

Respiratory

All-cause

Respiratory

All-cause

Respiratory

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

COPD

Control cohort without COPD

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Control cohort with COPD

2.91 (2.69–3.15)

6.48 (5.24–8.01)

1.25 (1.15–1.35)

2.48 (2.00–3.07)

1.24 (1.15–1.35)

2.42 (1.96–3.00)

Asthma cohort without COPD

0.80 (0.76–0.86)

1.41 (1.18–1.69)

0.97 (0.91–1.03)

1.76 (1.47–2.11)

0.96 (0.90–1.02)

1.70 (1.42–2.05)

Asthma cohort with COPD

3.11 (2.91–3.33)

10.90 (9.31–12.75)

1.52 (1.42–1.62)

4.78 (4.08–5.61)

1.48 (1.39–1.59)

4.42 (3.77–5.19)

Pneumonia

Control cohort without pneumonia

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Control cohort with pneumonia

2.84 (2.56–3.15)

5.29 (3.97–7.05)

1.75 (1.58–1.95)

3.03 (2.27–4.04)

1.75 (1.58–1.94)

3.01 (2.26–4.02)

Asthma cohort without pneumonia

1.02 (0.97–1.07)

2.12 (1.83–2.46)

1.05 (1.00–1.11)

2.20 (1.90–2.56)

1.04 (0.99–1.10)

2.11 (1.81–2.45)

Asthma cohort with pneumonia

1.98 (1.81–2.16)

6.36 (5.23–7.73)

1.62 (1.49–1.78)

5.01 (4.12–6.09)

1.59 (1.45–1.74)

4.60 (3.78–5.60)

Bronchiectasis

Control cohort without BE

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Control cohort with BE

3.01 (2.35–3.85)

8.88 (5.23–15.09)

1.42 (1.11–1.82)

3.82 (2.25–6.48)

1.41 (1.10–1.80)

3.69 (2.17–6.27)

Asthma cohort without bronchiectasis

1.09 (1.04–1.15)

2.37 (2.07–2.71)

1.12 (1.07–1.17)

2.42 (2.12–2.77)

1.10 (1.05–1.16)

2.30 (2.01–2.63)

Asthma cohort with bronchiectasis

2.52 (2.08–3.04)

11.95 (8.64–16.53)

1.43 (1.19–1.73)

6.45 (4.67–8.93)

1.40 (1.16–1.69)

5.86 (4.23–8.11)

Lung cancer

Control cohort without lung cancer

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Control cohort with lung cancer

8.68 (6.26–12.04)

12.89 (4.82–34.45)

4.02 (2.90–5.58)

5.68 (2.12–15.19)

3.95 (2.84–5.48)

5.32 (1.99–14.23)

Asthma cohort without lung cancer

1.11 (1.06–1.17)

2.54 (2.23–2.89)

1.13 (1.07–1.18)

2.56 (2.25–2.91)

1.11 (1.06–1.16)

2.42 (2.13–2.76)

Asthma cohort with lung cancer

7.32 (4.61–11.62)

5.37 (0.76–38.18)

4.12 (2.59–6.54)

3.27 (0.46–23.23)

4.08 (2.57–6.48)

3.13 (0.44–22.24)

  1. Data are presented as a ratio (95% CI).
  2. Model 1: age and sex were adjusted; Model 2: age, sex, and type of insurance were adjusted.
  3. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; aHR, adjusted HR; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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