Table 3 Posterior means of fixed effects for models 1–5.

From: Socioecology shapes child and adolescent time allocation in twelve hunter-gatherer and mixed-subsistence forager societies

 

Childcare

Food production

Domestic work

Play

Model 1—intercept only

Intercept

 − 4.12 (0.53)

 − 2.23 (0.33)

 − 2.07 (0.23)

 − 1.37 (0.21)

Model 2—individual-level effects

Intercept

 − 4.11 (0.69)

 − 3.03 (0.34)

 − 2.83 (0.26)

 − 1.08 (0.22)

Boys

 − 1.18 (0.28)

0.05 (0.19)

 − 0.12 (0.14)

0.67 (0.11)

Middle

1.33 (0.23)

0.92 (0.14)

1.49 (0.12)

 − 0.33 (0.10)

Ado

1.80 (0.23)

1.26 (0.17)

2.10 (0.13)

 − 2.18 (0.15)

Boys × middle

 − 0.39 (0.34)

0.27 (0.22)

 − 0.66 (0.17)

 − 0.22 (0.14)

Boys × ado

 − 1.19 (0.39)

0.55 (0.25)

 − 0.92 (0.19)

0.82 (0.19)

Prop non-forageda

0.09 (0.35)

 − 0.45 (0.22)

0.09 (0.18)

 − 0.13 (0.15)

Model 3—environmental factors

Intercept

 − 4.00 (0.74)

 − 3.16 (0.28)

 − 2.92 (0.24)

 − 1.19 (0.17)

Boys

 − 1.18 (0.27)

0.04 (0.19)

 − 0.13 (0.14)

0.66 (0.11)

Middle

1.34 (0.22)

0.93 (0.14)

1.50 (0.12)

 − 0.32 (0.10)

Ado

1.80 (0.24)

1.27 (0.18)

2.10 (0.12)

 − 2.18 (0.14)

Boys × middle

 − 0.42 (0.34)

0.28 (0.22)

 − 0.66 (0.17)

 − 0.22 (0.15)

Boys × ado

 − 1.18 (0.38)

0.55 (0.25)

 − 0.90 (0.19)

0.83 (0.19)

Prop non-forageda

0.25 (0.43)

 − 0.42 (0.21)

0.28 (0.19)

0.04 (0.15)

NPPa

 − 0.25 (0.44)

0.07 (0.21)

 − 0.26 (0.20)

 − 0.16 (0.15)

Annual mean tempa

0.32 (0.56)

0.39 (0.28)

0.46 (0.26)

0.50 (0.21)

Annual preca

0.28 (0.42)

 − 0.38 (0.20)

 − 0.05 (0.19)

 − 0.03 (0.14)

Model 4—ecological risk

Intercept

 − 2.61 (0.69)

 − 2.96 (0.67)

 − 2.18 (0.53)

 − 0.86 (0.42)

Boys

 − 1.16 (0.28)

0.04 (0.19)

 − 0.12 (0.14)

0.68 (0.12)

Middle

1.38 (0.23)

0.93 (0.14)

1.50 (0.12)

 − 0.32 (0.11)

Ado

1.85 (0.24)

1.27 (0.18)

2.11 (0.13)

 − 2.16 (0.15)

Boys × middle

 − 0.43 (0.35)

0.28 (0.22)

 − 0.66 (0.17)

 − 0.23 (0.15)

Boys × ado

 − 1.22 (0.40)

0.55 (0.26)

 − 0.91 (0.19)

0.80 (0.20)

Prop non-forageda

 − 0.23 (0.33)

 − 0.49 (0.25)

 − 0.04 (0.23)

 − 0.07 (0.19)

Mammal density

 − 1.37 (0.63)

 − 0.21 (0.52)

 − 0.56 (0.49)

0.23 (0.40)

Water qual/quant

 − 1.07 (0.37)

0.02 (0.33)

 − 0.35 (0.26)

 − 0.19 (0.21)

Model 5—gendered division of food production labour

Intercept

 − 3.96 (0.75)

 − 2.96 (0.38)

 − 2.82 (0.35)

 − 1.08 (0.26)

Boys

 − 0.84 (0.31)

 − 0.09 (0.21)

 − 0.03 (0.16)

0.55 (0.13)

Middle

1.34 (0.24)

0.93 (0.14)

1.51 (0.12)

 − 0.34 (0.10)

Ado

1.79 (0.24)

1.26 (0.18)

2.10 (0.13)

 − 2.18 (0.15)

Boys × middle

 − 0.40 (0.35)

0.27 (0.22)

 − 0.67 (0.17)

 − 0.21 (0.15)

Boys × ado

 − 1.20 (0.39)

0.54 (0.25)

 − 0.90 (0.19)

0.84 (0.20)

Prop non-forageda

0.20 (0.46)

 − 0.45 (0.28)

0.11 (0.25)

 − 0.21 (0.20)

Div

 − 0.16 (0.77)

 − 0.13 (0.57)

0.02 (0.52)

0.10 (0.44)

Div × boys

 − 0.86 (0.32)

0.31 (0.23)

 − 0.20 (0.15)

0.26 (0.16)

  1. Standard deviations are in parentheses. Parameters in bold represent estimates whose 95% credible intervals do not cross zero.
  2. Boys 1 = boys, 0 = girls. Middle 1 = Middle Childhood (between 7 and 12 years of age, late juveniles for the Mikea dataset), 0 = Early Childhood (between 3 and 6 years of age, early juveniles for the Mikea dataset). Ado 1 = Adolescence (between 13 and 18 years of age, young adults for the Mikea dataset). Prop non-foraged Proportion of domesticated foods and foods purchased and/or traded. NPP Net Primary Productivity in gC/m2/year. Annual mean temp Annual Mean Temperature, in °C. Annual prec Annual Precipitation, in mm. Mammal density Density of Dangerous Mammals, Low/High. Water qual/quant Water Quality/Quantity, four-point scale. Div Gendered Division of Food Production Labour, standardized to between − 2, women do all the food production labour and 2, men do all the food production labour.
  3. aThese values were z-score standardized.
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