Table 2 Final model in bothersome pain and activity–limiting pain.
From: Prevalence of pain in community-dwelling older adults with hypertension in the United States
Bothersome pain | Activity-limiting pain | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | p-value | Odds ratio | p-value | |
Hypertension | 1.39 (0.85–2.29) | 0.185 | 1.63 (1.06–2.52) | 0.027 |
Demographic | ||||
Gender | 1.43 (0.91–2.25) | 0.118 | 0.90 (0.61–1.33) | 0.592 |
Age (years old) | ||||
65–69 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
70–74 | 1.50 (0.79–2.86) | 0.219 | 0.84 (0.47–1.49) | 0.548 |
75–79 | 1.10 (0.57–2.13) | 0.774 | 0.78 (0.43–1.40) | 0.404 |
80–84 | 0.69 (0.36–1.31) | 0.253 | 0.40 (0.22–0.72) | 0.002 |
85–89 | 0.64 (0.29–1.44) | 0.282 | 0.60 (0.31–1.19) | 0.147 |
≥ 90 | 0.45 (0.17–1.18) | 0.104 | 0.53 (0.24–1.17) | 0.115 |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Black, non-Hispanic | 1.72 (0.96–3.06) | 0.067 | 0,84 (0.54–1.28) | 0.415 |
Hispanic | 0.85 (0.23–3.15) | 0.806 | 1.93 (0.49–7.57) | 0.347 |
Others | 1.17 (0.47–2.94) | 0.736 | 4.01 (1.41–11.38) | 0.009 |
BMI range | ||||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 0.57 (0.20–1.61) | 0.313 | 1.74 (0.59–5.15) | 0.313 |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 1.59 (0.89–2.82) | 0.115 | 1.22 (0.76–1.98) | 0.410 |
Obese (≥ 30.0) | 1.30 (0.76–2.24) | 0.338 | 1.43 (0.91–2.24) | 0.117 |
Income (≥ 28,000 USD) | 0.69 (0.44–1.07) | 0.099 | ||
Comorbidity | ||||
Arthritis | 4.10 (2.66–6.34) | < 0.001 | 2.35 (1.53–3.58) | < 0.001 |
Osteoporosis | 2.64 (1.45–4.81) | 0.001 | ||
Lung disease | 1.03 (0.71–1.48) | 0.891 | ||
Stroke | 1.87 (1.15–3.06) | 0.012 | ||
Hip fracture | 2.52 (0.81–7.82) | 0.109 | 0.64 (0.29–1.39) | 0.256 |
Other fracture | 1.61 (1.04–2.48) | 0.032 | ||
Psychological symptoms | ||||
Anxiety | 1.81 (1.17–2.79) | 0.008 | ||
Physical symptoms | ||||
Dyspnea limits activity | 0.70 (0.43–1.15) | 0.163 | 1.92 (1.31–2.83) | 0.001 |
Fatigue limits activity | 2.44 (1.42–4.22) | 0.001 | 5.63 (3.60–8.79) | < 0.001 |
Physical capacity | ||||
Low capacity (SPPB 0–4) | 0.78 (0.43–1.44) | 0.432 | 2.21 (1.40–3.50) | 0.001 |
Middle capacity(SPPB 5–8) | 0.58 (0.34–1.00) | 0.051 | 1.05 (0.67–1.63) | 0.830 |
High capacity (SPPB 9–12) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Sleep symptoms | ||||
Sleep difficulty | 1.60 (1.02–2.51) | 0.039 |