Table 2 Final model in bothersome pain and activity–limiting pain.

From: Prevalence of pain in community-dwelling older adults with hypertension in the United States

 

Bothersome pain

Activity-limiting pain

Odds ratio

p-value

Odds ratio

p-value

Hypertension

1.39 (0.85–2.29)

0.185

1.63 (1.06–2.52)

0.027

Demographic

Gender

1.43 (0.91–2.25)

0.118

0.90 (0.61–1.33)

0.592

Age (years old)

 65–69

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 70–74

1.50 (0.79–2.86)

0.219

0.84 (0.47–1.49)

0.548

 75–79

1.10 (0.57–2.13)

0.774

0.78 (0.43–1.40)

0.404

 80–84

0.69 (0.36–1.31)

0.253

0.40 (0.22–0.72)

0.002

 85–89

0.64 (0.29–1.44)

0.282

0.60 (0.31–1.19)

0.147

 ≥ 90

0.45 (0.17–1.18)

0.104

0.53 (0.24–1.17)

0.115

Race/Ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Black, non-Hispanic

1.72 (0.96–3.06)

0.067

0,84 (0.54–1.28)

0.415

 Hispanic

0.85 (0.23–3.15)

0.806

1.93 (0.49–7.57)

0.347

 Others

1.17 (0.47–2.94)

0.736

4.01 (1.41–11.38)

0.009

BMI range

 Underweight (< 18.5)

0.57 (0.20–1.61)

0.313

1.74 (0.59–5.15)

0.313

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

1.59 (0.89–2.82)

0.115

1.22 (0.76–1.98)

0.410

 Obese (≥ 30.0)

1.30 (0.76–2.24)

0.338

1.43 (0.91–2.24)

0.117

Income (≥ 28,000 USD)

0.69 (0.44–1.07)

0.099

  

Comorbidity

Arthritis

4.10 (2.66–6.34)

 < 0.001

2.35 (1.53–3.58)

 < 0.001

Osteoporosis

2.64 (1.45–4.81)

0.001

  

Lung disease

  

1.03 (0.71–1.48)

0.891

Stroke

  

1.87 (1.15–3.06)

0.012

Hip fracture

2.52 (0.81–7.82)

0.109

0.64 (0.29–1.39)

0.256

Other fracture

  

1.61 (1.04–2.48)

0.032

Psychological symptoms

Anxiety

1.81 (1.17–2.79)

0.008

  

Physical symptoms

Dyspnea limits activity

0.70 (0.43–1.15)

0.163

1.92 (1.31–2.83)

0.001

Fatigue limits activity

2.44 (1.42–4.22)

0.001

5.63 (3.60–8.79)

 < 0.001

Physical capacity

Low capacity (SPPB 0–4)

0.78 (0.43–1.44)

0.432

2.21 (1.40–3.50)

0.001

Middle capacity(SPPB 5–8)

0.58 (0.34–1.00)

0.051

1.05 (0.67–1.63)

0.830

High capacity (SPPB 9–12)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Sleep symptoms

Sleep difficulty

1.60 (1.02–2.51)

0.039

  
  1. BMI: Body mass index, SPPB: Short physical performance battery.