Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients by nutritional status.

From: Potential association with malnutrition and allocation of combination medical therapies in hospitalized heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction

Variables

Low GNRI (< 92) (n = 525)

High GNRI (GNRI ≥ 92) (n = 706)

p value

Age, years

78 [69, 84]

68 [57, 77]

 < 0.001

Female, n (%)

200 (38.1)

159 (22.5%)

 < 0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

132 [110, 151]

132 [112, 155]

0.507

Heart rate, beats/min

94 [78, 114]

96 [78, 112]

0.814

LVEF, %

30 [25, 35]

30 [23, 35]

0.013

Ischemic etiology, n (%)

205 (39.0)

246 (34.8)

0.130

NYHA (III–IV)

432 (86.7)

553 (81.4)

0.015

Comorbidities

Prior HF hospitalization, n (%)

188 (36.4)

246 (35.1)

0.642

Hypertension, n (%)

342 (65.1)

440 (62.3)

0.309

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

201 (38.3)

270 (38.2)

0.988

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

193 (37.3)

319 (45.8)

0.003

Smoking, n (%)

209 (41.4)

357 (52.2)

 < 0.001

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

201 (38.4)

290 (41.1)

0.336

Stroke, n (%)

70 (13.3)

89 (12.7)

0.728

COPD, n (%)

26 (5.0)

24 (3.4)

0.173

Laboratory findings at admission

Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.9 [10.4, 13.5]

13.4 [12.0, 15.0]

0.001

BUN, mg/dL

25.1 [18.2, 36.3]

20.3 [15.9, 27.4]

 < 0.001

Creatinine, mg/dL

1.14 [0.81, 1.61]

1.04 [0.86, 1.31]

0.003

eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2

45.2 [29.8, 61.6]

53.6 [40.2, 66.5]

 < 0.001

Sodium, mEq/L

139 [137, 142]

140 [138, 142]

 < 0.001

Potassium, mEq/L

4.4 [3.9, 4.8]

4.3 [4.0, 4.7]

0.823

BNP, pg/mL

1155 [702, 1989]

707 [383, 1082]

 < 0.001

Alb, mg/dL

3.4 [3.1, 3.7]

3.8 [3.6, 4.1]

 < 0.001

  1. Values are median [with interquartile ranges] or n (%).
  2. GNRI geriatric nutritional risk index, NYHA New York Heart Association, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, HF heart failure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BUN blood urea nitrogen, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide.
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