Table 2 Participant characteristics.

From: Thigh muscle co-contraction patterns in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, athletes and controls during a novel double-hop test

Mean (SD)

ACLR

Controls

Athlete

Kruskal–Wallis test (p value)

ACLR vs. Controls*

ACLR vs. Athletes*

Controls vs. athletes*

Participants (n)

34

24

22

–

   

Males/females

9/25

4/20

3/19

0.446**

   

Age (years), mean (SD)

24.5 (4.6)

23.4 (3.4)

21.3 (2.9)

0.020

1.000

0.022

0.097

Anthropometric measurements mean (SD)

Height (cm)

171.9 (8.1)

169.8 (6.9)

171.6 (7.4)

0.884

–

–

–

Body mass (kg)

70.6 (11.1)

64.4 (7.0)

66.2 (9.0)

0.130

–

–

–

Body mass index (kg/m2)

23.8 (2.5)

22.3 (2.1)

22.4 (1.9)

0.029

0.090

0.065

1.000

A/ND KT1000-15۴

2.42 (1.52)

0.29 (0.71)

0.21 (0.79)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

1.000

A/ND KT1000-20۴

2.74 (1.60)

0.45 (0.75)

0.19 (0.84)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

1.000

A/ND KT1000-30۴

2.79 (1.86)

0.27 (0.93)

0.24 (0.91)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

1.000

Quadriceps peak torque (Nm/Kg)^

2.56 (0.55)

2.35 (0.58)

2.51 (0.43)

0.324***

–

–

–

Hamstring peak torque (Nm/Kg)^

1.05 (0.23)

1.11 (0.23)

1.11 (0.23)

0.500***

–

–

–

Duration post-injury (months)#

40.6 (35.5)

–

–

–

–

–

–

Duration post-surgery until test (months)#

18 (7–129)@

–

–

–

–

–

–

Injured leg

       

Dominant

23

–

–

–

–

–

–

Non-dominant

11

–

–

–

–

–

–

Sports-related Injuries$

33

–

–

–

–

–

–

Road trauma

1

      
  1. Significant values are in [bold].
  2. A, limb with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; ACLR, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; ND, non-dominant limb of the controls and athletes.
  3. *Post-hoc comparisons (p vlaues) abjusted by Bonferroni correction for multiple tests.
  4. **p value based on chi-square test.
  5. ***p values based on one-way ANOVA as these data were normally distributed; missing data for one athlete were omitted from analysis.
  6. ۴KT1000 arthrometer device was used to measure knee laxity at 15, 20 and 30 lb force; data represent differences between ACLR and noninjured knees (ACLR group) or dominant and non-dominant side knees (controls and athletes); missing data for one with ACLR, two controls and one athlete were omitted from analysis.
  7. ^Missing isometric strength data for one with ACLR and one athlete were omitted from analysis.
  8. #Data missing for one participant with ACLR. @Median (range).
  9. $Mechanism of injury: 10 contact, 24 noncontact; Sport related to injury: 12 soccer, 10 floorball, 2 downhill skiing, 2 gymnastics, 2 rugby, 2 handball, 1 aerobic training, 1 mixed martial arts, 1 Kung-Fu.
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