Table 5 Results of 3*3 (groups*phases) mixed analysis of variance analyses for thigh muscle co-contraction indices and ratios of UMDH and ULDH.

From: Thigh muscle co-contraction patterns in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, athletes and controls during a novel double-hop test

Variable

Main effect of groups

Main effect of phases

Interaction (groups*phases)

UMDH

p

F (df)

p

F (df)

p

F (df)

Q:H ratioɥ

0.856

0.16 (2,77)

 < 0.001

244.35 (1.78,136.90)

0.452

0.91 (3.56,136.90)

Medial Q:H CCIɥ

0.141

2.01 (2,77)

 < 0.001

118.48 (1.60,122.86)

0.025*

3.14 (3.19,122.86)

Lateral Q:H CCIɥ

0.288

1.27 (2,77)

 < 0.001

35.30 (1.29,99.50)

0.030*

3.29 (2.59, 99.50)

Medial-to-lateral Q:H CCRɥ

0.342

1.09 (2,77)

 < 0.001

19.37 (1.70,130.98)

0.094

2.11 (3.40, 130.98)

ULDH

      

Q:H ratioɥ

0.696

0.36 (2,77)

 < 0.001

148.06 (1.57,120.76)

0.124

1.94 (3.14,120.76)

Medial Q:H CCIɥ

0.127

2.12 (2,77)

 < 0.001

157.05 (1.83,141.21)

0.144

1.77 (3.67,141.21)

Lateral Q:H CCIɥ

0.496

0.71 (2,77)

 < 0.001

27.32 (1.35,104.16)

0.455

0.86 (2.71,104.16)

Medial-to-lateral Q:H CCRɥ

0.219

1.55 (2,77)

0.019

4.36 (1.71,131.79)

0.729

0.469 (3.42,131.79)

  1. Significant values are in [bold].
  2. CCR: cocontraction ratio; Q:H: Quadriceps to hamstring; Q:H CCI: Quadriceps to hamstring cocontraction index; ULDH: unanticipated lateral direction hop; UMDH: unanticipated medial direction hop.
  3. ɥMauchly’s test of sphericity was significant; therefore, degrees of freedom were adjusted with a Huynh–Feldt correction.
  4. *Significant interactions followed by post hoc tests with a Bonferroni correction did not reveal significant differences between groups for any of the phases; however, there was an increase in the mean (normalized EMG) scores of the groups over time (phase 1–phase 3), more so for patients with ACLR and healthy athletes.
  5. All analyses were performed with log transformed data.
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