Table 1 Patient characteristics.

From: Low SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers may be associated with poor clinical outcomes for patients with severe COVID-19

  

Total (n = 77)

Survivor (n = 59)

Non-survivor (n = 18)

P value

Age, years

Median [IQR]

68.0 [57.0–77.0]

64.0 [55.0–74.0]

74.5 [65.0–84. 3]

0.02

Sex (male %)

n (%)

64.0 (83.0)

50.0 (84.0)

14.0 (78.0)

0.49

Past medical history

Hypertension

n (%)

48.0 (62.3)

36.0 (61.0)

12.0 (66.7)

0.19

COPD

n (%)

6.00 (7.80)

3.00 (5.10)

3.00 (16.7)

0.14

BA

n (%)

8.00 (10.4)

6.00 (10.2)

2.00 (11.1)

1.00

Chronic lung disease

n (%)

6.00 (7.90)

3.00 (5.20)

3.00 (16.7)

0.14

Chronic kidney disease

n (%)

18.0 (23.4)

8.00 (13.6)

10.0 (55.6)

< 0.05

Permanent dialysis

n (%)

11.0 (14.3)

3.00 (5.10)

8.00 (44.4)

< 0.05

CHF

n (%)

5.00 (6.50)

4.00 (6.80)

1.00 (5.60)

1.00

 NYHA I·II

 

5.00 (100)

4.00 (80.0)

1.00 (20.0)

1.00

 NYHA III·IV

 

0.00 (0.00)

   

Ischemic heart disease

n (%)

7.00 (9.20)

3.00 (5.20)

4.00 (22.2)

0.05

Cerebrovascular disease

n (%)

11.0 (14.3)

7.00 (11.9)

4.00 (22.2)

0.27

Diabetes mellitus

n (%)

31.0 (40.3)

23.0 (39.0)

8.00 (44.4)

0.79

 Insulin user

 

9.00 (29.0)

7.00 (30.4)

2.00 (25.0)

1.00

Hyperuricemia

n (%)

10.0 (13.0)

8.00 (13.6)

2.00 (11.1)

1.00

Hyperlipemia

n (%)

23.0 (29.9)

19.0 (32.2)

4.00 (22.2)

0.56

BMI

Median [IQR]

25.2 [22.9–29.8]

25.9 [23.4–30.4]

24.4 [20.8–28.0]

0.16

Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)

n (%)

15.0 (19. 5)

14.0 (25.9)

1.00 (5.56)

0.09

History of smoking

n (%)

42.0 (54. 6)

33.0 (67.4)

9.00 (56.3)

0.37

 Past smoker

 

32.0 (76.2)

24.0 (52.2)

8.00 (50.0)

1.00

 Smoking

 

10.0 (23.8)

9.00 (21.4)

1.00 (7.69)

0.42

Malignant tumor

n (%)

12.0 (15.6)

8.00 (13.6)

4.00 (22.2)

0.46

 Active

n (%)

3.00 (25.0)

1.00 (12.5)

2.00 (50.0)

0.24

 Not active

n (%)

9.00 (75.0)

7.00 (87.5)

2.00 (50.0)

0.24

Immunodeficiency after solid organ transplantation

n (%)

1.00 (1.30)

1.00 (1.70)

0.00 (0.00)

1.00

Steroid user

n (%)

2.00 (2.60)

2.00 (3.40)

0.00 (0.00)

1.00

 > 10 mg/day (over 1 month)

 

1.00 (50.0)

1.00 (50.0)

0.00 (0.00)

1.00

Immunosuppressant user

n (%)

4.00 (5.40)

3.00 (5.40)

1.00 (5.60)

1.00

Biological product users

n (%)

1.00 (1.30)

1.00 (1.70)

0.00 (0.00)

1.00

Laboratory findings (at admission)

WBC (103/μL)

Median [IQR]

7.50 [5.30–11.0]

7.10 [5.00–9.60]

8.95 [6.05–13.8]

0.10

Lymphocytes (%)

Median [IQR]

6.70 [4.00–10.5]

7.90 [4.65–12.8]

3.95 [2.15–7.03]

< 0.05

Neutrophil (%)

Median [IQR]

86.4 [82.9–91.0]

86.4 [79.3–91.5]

88.6 [85.2–90.6]

0.26

CD3 +/CD4 + (%)

Median [IQR]

34.2 [26.1–42.9]

34.2 [26.9–42.0]

31.2 [24.3–46.7]

0.96

CD3 +/CD8 + (%)

Median [IQR]

13.6 [8.90–19.3]

13.2 [8.90–19. 2]

14.1 [11.1–28.6]

0.37

CD4/CD8

Median [IQR]

2.45 [1.54–3.66]

2.42 [1.72–3.68]

2.61 [0.85–3.66]

0.55

CRP (mg/dl)

Median [IQR]

9.02 [4.96–16.2]

8.31 [4.85–13.4]

14.7 [6.13–21.9]

0.03

Alb (g/dl)

Median [IQR]

2.90 [2.60–3.10]

2.90 [2.68–3.10]

2.70 [2.28–2.93]

0.02

PT-INR

Median [IQR]

1.12 [1.06–1.19]

1.11 [1.05–1.17]

1.16 [1.10–1.22]

0.05

D-dimer (μg/ml)

Median [IQR]

1.60 [1.00–5.30]

1.40 [0.80–4.95]

2.80 [1.43–9.05]

0.08

Fibrinogen (mg/dl)

Median [IQR]

570 [470–643]

570 [461–660]

551 [478–631]

0.88

LDH (U/L)

Median [IQR]

440 [363–605]

431 [362–616]

524 [365–595]

0.66

CK (U/L)

Median [IQR]

85.0 [51.0–229]

83.0 [50.0–210]

105 [56.3–295]

0.39

NT-proBNP (pg/ml)

Median [IQR]

334 [85.9–1422]

201 [52.9–555]

6584 [731–20770]

< 0.05

AST (U/L)

Median [IQR]

43.0 [30.5–57.0]

43.0 [33.0–59.0]

36.5 [21.3–56. 3]

0.28

ALT (U/L)

Median [IQR]

30.0 [19.0–44.5]

32.0 [21.0–45.0]

20.0 [12.0–42. 3]

0.06

Ferritin (ng/ml)

Median [IQR]

812 [462–1274]

818 [488–1270]

757 [291–1495]

0.53

Procalcitonin (ng/ml)

Median [IQR]

0.19 [0.09–0.72]

0.13 [0.09–0.35]

1.36 [0.49–2.56]

< 0.05

BUN (mg/dl)

Median [IQR]

26.7 [17.5–49.0]

21.5 [15.4–42.8]

50.0 [29.6–74.4]

< 0.05

Cre (mg/dl)

Median [IQR]

0.97 [0.69–2.15]

0.87 [0.63–1.28]

3.92 [0.94–9.02]

< 0.05

KL-6 (U/ml)

Median [IQR]

341 [260–647]

322 [255–556]

595 [294–1112]

0.07

Pulmonary surfactant A (ng/ml)

Median [IQR]

63.1 [37.7–92.5]

61.2 [36.5–81.8]

75.2 [47.1–120]

0.29

Pulmonary surfactant D (ng/ml)

Median [IQR]

87.9 [36.1–194]

77.4 [34.7–193]

97.7 [56.3–258]

0.39

P/F ratio on admission

Median [IQR]

205 [142–255]

220 [150–265]

165 [121–227]

0.04

Treatment medication

Dexamethasone

n (%)

77 (100)

59 (100)

18 (100)

–

Remdesivir

n (%)

65 (84.4)

51 (86.4)

14 (77.8)

0.46

Tocilizumab

n (%)

5 (6.5)

4 (6.78)

1 (5.56)

1.00

Heparin

n (%)

73 (94.8)

57 (96.6)

16 (88.9)

0.23

Respiratory therapy

Oxygen therapy

n (%)

8.00 (10.4)

8.00 (13.6)

0.00 (0.00)

 

Nasal high flow

n (%)

28.0 (36.4)

21.0 (35. 6)

7.00 (38. 9)

0.80

Ventilator

n (%)

42.0 (54.6)

31.0 (52.5)

11.0 (61.1)

0.52

Duration of ventilator

Median [IQR]

14.0 [13.0–21.3]

   

ECMO

n (%)

3.00 (3.90)

2.00 (3.39)

1.00 (5.56)

0.56

  1. P < 0.05 indicates a significant difference.
  2. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BA Bronchial asthma, CHF congestive heart failure, NYHA New York Heart Association, BMI body mass index, WBC white blood cell, IQR interquartile range, CRP C-reactive protein, Alb albumin, PT prothrombin time, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, Cre creatinine, CK creatinine kinase, NT-proBNP N‑terminal pro‑B‑type natriuretic peptide, AST aspartate amino transferase, ALT alanine amino transferase, BUN blood urea nitrogen, KL-6 Krebs von den Lungen-6, P/F ratio partial arterial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspiration oxygen ratio, ECMO extracorporeal membranous oxygenation.
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