Figure 4

Clear space difference (\(\Delta \mathrm{CS}\)), vertical offset (\(\Delta \mathrm{z}\)), and translation angle (\(\Delta \mathrm{\alpha }\)) for each foot position relative to neutral position in either loaded or unloaded condition. Stars indicate significant differences. Axes are scaled to corresponding thresholds for native anatomy (\(\Delta \mathrm{CS}: \pm 2\mathrm{ mm}, \Delta \mathrm{z}: \pm 3\mathrm{ mm}, \Delta \mathrm{\alpha }: \pm 5^\circ\)) in order to visualize relative extent of the respective measures ¹⁵.