Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort.
Variable | Overall (n = 254) | T2DM (n = 147) | No T2DM (n = 107) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical variables | ||||
Age (years) (median [IQR]) | 61 [52, 68] | 63 [55, 68] | 57 [46, 65] | 0.001 |
Female sex (%) | 53 (21) | 35 (24) | 18 (17) | NS |
White race (%) | 152 (60) | 89 (61) | 63 (59) | NS |
Hispanic (%) | 13 (5) | 9 (6) | 4 (4) | NS |
Body mass index (median [IQR]) | 32 [25, 37] | 33 [28, 39] | 30 [25, 35] | 0.006 |
NYHA classification (%) | NS | |||
2 | 77 (30) | 43 (29) | 34 (32) | |
3 | 157 (62) | 92 (63) | 65 (61) | |
4 | 12 (5) | 8 (5) | 4 (4) | |
6-min walk distance (m) (median [IQR]) | 227 [145, 315] | 214 [140, 306] | 245 [149, 343] | NS |
Physical examination | ||||
Weight (kg) (median [IQR]) | 96 [78, 115] | 97 [83, 118] | 91 [75, 107] | 0.02 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ((median [IQR]) | 108 [99, 118] | 108 [99, 120] | 106 [98, 116] | NS |
Heart rate (bpm) (median [IQR]) | 75 [68, 86] | 74 [68, 84] | 77 [68, 88] | NS |
Duration since diagnosis of heart failure (years) (median [IQR]) | 6 [3, 11] | 8 [4, 13] | 5 [3, 10] | 0.02 |
Medical history | ||||
Prior hospitalization for heart failure within past year (%) | 221 (87) | 130 (88) | 91 (85) | NS |
Ischemic heart disease (%) | 212 (83) | 130 (88) | 82 (77) | 0.02 |
Hypertension (%) | 201 (79) | 124 (84) | 77 (72) | 0.03 |
Atrial fibrillation (%) | 122 (48) | 75 (51) | 47 (44) | NS |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (%) | 147 (58) | 147 (100) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
Stage > = 3 chronic kidney disease (%) | 98 (39) | 55 (37) | 43 (40) | NS |
Cardiovascular medications at enrollment | ||||
Beta-blocker (%) | 237 (93) | 138 (94) | 99 (93) | NS |
ACE-inhibitor or ARB (%) | 181 (71) | 108 (73) | 73 (68) | NS |
Hydralazine (%) | 89 (35) | 47 (32) | 42 (39) | NS |
Long-acting nitrates (%) | 99 (39) | 57 (39) | 42 (39) | NS |
Aldosterone antagonist (%) | 154 (61) | 88 (60) | 66 (62) | NS |
Loop diuretic (%) | 252 (99) | 146 (99) | 106 (99) | NS |
Digoxin (%) | 90 (35) | 48 (33) | 42 (39) | NS |
Calcium-channel blocker (%) | 15 (6) | 11 (7) | 4 (4) | NS |
Lipid-lowering agent (%) | 185 (73) | 125 (85) | 60 (56) | < 0.001 |
Antiplatelet agent (%) | 183 (72) | 115 (78) | 68 (64) | 0.02 |
Anticoagulant agent (%) | 141 (56) | 84 (57) | 57 (53) | NS |
Laboratory and echocardiographic measures | ||||
Creatinine (mg/dL) (median [IQR]) | 1 [1, 2] | 2 [1, 2] | 1 [1, 2] | 0.05 |
HbA1c (%) (median [IQR]) | 7 [6, 8] | 8 [7, 8] | 6 [6, 6] | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (median [IQR]) | 132 [110, 165] | 132 [110, 162] | 132 [110, 174] | NS |
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) (median [IQR]) | 1961 [1056, 4339] | 1798 [1008, 3252] | 2672 [1184, 5442] | 0.03 |
LVEF (%) (median [IQR]) | 25 [19, 32] | 25 [19, 33] | 25 [19, 32] | NS |
