Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the participants.

Age (years)

21.88

3.50

21.02

2.32

21.45

2.98

Handedness (-100 to 100)

57.44

35.18

63.49

34.10

60.47

34.57

English reading hour/week

16.87

13.66

14.54

12.01

15.70

12.84

Chinese reading hour/week

16.78

16.19

19.77

17.48

18.28

16.82

English proficiency (0 to 1)

0.74

0.11

0.71

0.11

0.73

0.11

Chinese proficiency (1 to 7)

4.67

1.68

5.02

1.41

4.85

1.55

Familiarity with Tibetan letters (1 to 10)

1.26

0.69

1.16

0.48

1.21

0.60

Verbal two-back accuracy

0.83

0.17

0.74

0.20

0.79

0.19

Verbal two-back RT (ms)

920.20

183.65

944.74

180.22

932.47

181.29

Visuospatial two-back accuracy

0.76

0.17

0.72

0.18

0.74

0.18

Visuospatial two-back RT (ms)

928.41

206.68

931.35

149.85

929.88

179.45

MSI active engagement (9–63)

34.93

6.11

20.72

7.26

27.83

9.78

MSI perceptual abilities (9–63)

49.67

7.09

33.88

10.11

41.78

11.77

MSI musical training (7–49)

14.45

3.30

5.58

2.79

10.02

5.40

MSI emotions (7–49)

32.14

5.00

24.77

4.56

28.45

6.03

MSI singing abilities (6–42)

33.09

6.19

20.37

7.99

26.73

9.56