Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and pharmacological data in chronic non-cancer pain patient’s total population, control, and tapentadol (TAP) and oxycodone/naloxone (OXN) cases groups.

	Total (n = 584)	Control (n = 216)	CASE		p-value Effect size
	Total (n = 584)	Control (n = 216)	TAP (n = 194)	OXN (n = 175)	p-value Effect size
Sex (female) (%)	71	69	74	65	0.193
Sex (female) (%)	71	69	74	65	0.002^I
Age	65 ± 14	65 ± 13	65 ± 14	64 ± 13	0.845
Age	65 ± 14	65 ± 13	65 ± 14	64 ± 13	0.004^II
VAS pain intensity (0–100 mm)	64 ± 26	60 ± 27	61 ± 26	64 ± 26	0.402
VAS pain intensity (0–100 mm)	64 ± 26	60 ± 27	61 ± 26	64 ± 26	0.002^III
Likert pain intensity (%)
None	4	7	6**	3**
Mild	10	6	15**	13**	< 0.001
Moderate	29	26	24**	29**	0.98^I
Severe	42	34	42**	48**
Extremely severe	15	27	10**	17**
VAS pain relief (0–100 mm)	37 ± 29	31 ± 30	36 ± 28**	40 ± 30**	0.006
VAS pain relief (0–100 mm)	37 ± 29	31 ± 30	36 ± 28**	40 ± 30**	0.016^III
Likert pain relief (%)
None	21				0.007
Mild	28	19	24	32**	0.42^I
Moderate	37	34	36	35**
Severe	11	11	11	9**
Extremely severe	3	6	4	3**
VAS EuroQol (0–100 mm)	45 ± 22	45 ± 24	45 ± 22	46 ± 23	0.968
VAS EuroQol (0–100 mm)	45 ± 22	45 ± 24	45 ± 22	46 ± 23	0.004^III
Utilization of hospital services (%)
Due to pain
Prescription change	24	11	19	42**^†	< 0.001
Prescription change	24	11	19	42**^†	0.676^I
Emergency department visit	21	17	16	22	0.2615
Emergency department visit	21	17	16	22	1.07^I
Hospital admission	6	5	4	8	0.385
Hospital admission	6	5	4	8	0.47^I
Due to other causes
Prescription change	21	11	18	26*	< 0.001
Prescription change	21	11	18	26*	1.18^I
Emergency department visit	24	14	27**	25**	< 0.001
Emergency department visit	24	14	27**	25**	1.34^I
Hospital admission	17	7	10	22**	< 0.001
Hospital admission	17	7	10	22**	1.93^I

Data is presented as mean ± SD or as %.
Comparison cases vs. control, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001 and ^†p < 0.05 tapentadol vs. oxycodone/naloxone, cell in italics. Chi-square χ² the effect size was determined using ^ICramer’s V (effect size < 0.2 small, 0.2 < effect size < 0.6 intermediate and effect size > 0.6 large effect).
^IIEta squared for One-Way ANOVA.
^IIIEta squared for Kruskal Wallis Test (effect size of 0.01–0.04 small, 0.06–0.11 intermediate and 0.14–0.2 large effect).
Large effect size is written in bold font.

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