Table 1 Summary of psychophysical research on TPL. It lists the modality of the trained stimuli (A: auditory, T: tactile, V: visual), whether the trained stimulus formats were empty or filled intervals, whether the same trained stimuli produced learning in post-training tests, and whether the learning effect transferred between empty and filled intervals. In reports of successful learning, only one study15 used filled intervals. The transfer results had two outcomes: empty intervals transferred to filled intervals (E to F) and not tested (–). To our best knowledge, no study has yet examined the transfer from filled intervals to empty intervals or reported the absence of transfer when tested.
From: Temporal perceptual learning distinguishes between empty and filled intervals
Studies | Modality | Format | Learning | Transfer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Wright et al., 1997 | A | Empty | Yes | – |
Nagarajan et al., 1998 | T | Empty | Yes | – |
Westheimer, 1999 | V | Filled | Yes | – |
Meegan et al., 2000 | A | Empty | Yes | – |
Karmarkar & Buonomano, 2003 | A | Empty | Yes | E to F |
Wright & Fitzgerald, 2005 | A | Empty | Yes | – |
van Wassenhove & Nagarajan, 2007 | A | Empty | Yes | – |
Grondin et al., 2008 | A, V | Empty | No | – |
Planetta & Servos, 2008 | T | Empty | Yes | – |
Lapid et al., 2009 | A | Empty | Yes | E to F |
Bartolo & Merchant, 2009 | A | Empty | Yes | – |
Banai et al., 2010 | A | Empty | Yes | – |
Grondin & Ulrich, 2011 | A | Empty | Yes | – |
Bratzke et al., 2012 | A, V | Empty | Yes | – |
Bueti et al., 2012 | V | Empty | Yes | – |
Chen & Zhou, 2014 | A, T, V | Empty | Yes | – |
Xu et al., 2021 | A | Empty | Yes | – |
