Table 3 Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses of the association between clinicodemographic factors and improvement of LVQOL score.

	Univariate			Multivariate
	B^a	B*	p value	B^a	B^†	p value
Age, years	− 0.566	− 0.478	0.001	− 0.558	− 0.472	0.002
Sex	− 1.095	− 0.031	0.862
Previous use of LVAs	7.137	0.202	0.041	10.925	0.309	0.049
Baseline BCDVA, logMAR	− 14.106	− 0.191	0.279
Baseline BCIVA, logMAR	− 10.314	− 0.198	0.262
Baseline BCNVA, logMAR	− 14.783	− 0.324	0.006	− 17.825	− 0.390	0.011
BCDVA with smartphone-based LVA, logMAR	− 0.117	− 0.783	0.440
BCIVA with smartphone-based LVA, logMAR	0.105	0.698	0.491
BCNVA with smartphone-based LVA, logMAR	− 0.040	− 0.245	0.808
Baseline face recognition performance, score	0.489	0.375	0.029	0.089	0.093	0.619
Number of smartphone-based LVA use per day	0.798	0.038	0.829
Average time-of-use per use, minutes	− 0.022	− 0.031	0.860
Average total time-of-use per day, minutes	0.034	0.084	0.686

LVQOL low vision quality of life, LVA low vision aid, BCDVA best-corrected distance visual acuity, logMAR logarithm of minimum angle of resolution, BCIVA best-corrected intermediate visual acuity, BCNVA best-corrected near visual acuity.
*Unstandardized β coefficient.
^†Standardized β coefficient.

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