Figure 8
Mean sagittal plane moment arms for biarticular RECFEM (rectus femoris), HAM (hamstrings) and GAS (gastrocnemius) for the landing phase (initial contact to peak knee flexion) of a single-leg drop landing from a 0.31 m height. The blue line and shaded area represent the mean and SD, respectively, of each biarticular muscle’s favourable joint extension moment arm. The orange line and shaded area represent the mean and SD, respectively, of each biarticular muscle’s unfavourable joint flexion moment arm. The grey dotted and dashed lines represent the mean moment arms of other major joint extensors: GMAX, gluteus maximus; ADDMAG, adductor magnus; PFINV, plantar flexor invertors (average of tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis and digitorum longus). The VASTI (vastus lateralis, medialis and intermedius) and soleus moment arms were not visualised due to common attachments with the RECFEM and GAS, respectively.
