Figure 4
Improvement in ability to initiate bladder voiding with targeted BV-scES. Example of detrusor pressure (upper panel) and sphincter EMG (µv, lower panel) in the absence of scES (A) in an individual with chronic SCI (B07) (Leak: 0 mL; Capacity: 622 mL); (B) Representative cystometry recording in the same individual using BV-scES and parameters adjusted for void initiation (VE: 51.2%, Capacity: 496 mL); Voiding initiation was intensity (pink bar) dependent and participant-specific. Note the rise in detrusor pressure timed with relaxation of sphincter EMG activity and a return of detrusor pressure to baseline. (C) Effective and non-effective BV-scES parameters for promoting volitional voiding during urodynamics mapping sessions for B07. Initiating a void occurred only in the presence of optimized BV-scES. Reflexive leaks are indicated as involuntary. Light gray indicates the voiding efficiency (VE) for a single leak/void and dark gray indicates total voiding efficiency for a mapping session when multiple void attempts were possible. Mapping sessions were approximately 1 week apart. VE = [Void Amount/Void + Residual] × 100; Electrodes in B: cathodes = black; anodes = red; inactive = white.
