Table 2 Demographic findings and results.

Number (M/F)

39 (21/18)

55 (32/23)

53 (37/16)

36 (32/4)

Age (years)

45 ± 14

52 ± 13*

54 ± 16*

70 ± 10***^{†††‡‡‡}

BMI (kg/m²)

25.7 ± 4.7

30.5 ± 4.3***

28.5 ± 6.2^†

25.6 ± 3.7^†††

Weight (kg)

75.2 ± 14.6

90.4 ± 15.5***

85.6 ± 20.9*^†

76.6 ± 14.8^††

BSA (m²⁾

1.88 ± 0.21

2.07 ± 0.22**

2.02 ± 0.27*

1.91 ± 0.21^††

Systolic BP (mmHg)

125 ± 12

174 ± 29***

116 ± 16^†††

133 ± 29^{†††‡‡}

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

76.3 ± 9.1

99 ± 16***

68 ± 14**^†††

83 ± 10*^{†††‡‡‡}

LVEDV (mL)

146 ± 40.0

177 ± 34.2*

267 ± 59.2***^†††

164 ± 67.0^‡‡‡

LVESV (mL)

55.4 ± 21.4

61.2 ± 21.5

189 ± 63.6***^†††

89.7 ± 60.0**^†‡‡‡

Stroke volume (mL)

90.6 ± 23.7

115.0 ± 23.4***

76.9 ± 27.5*^†††

74.4 ± 22.6*^†††

SV/BSA (mL/m²)

48.1 ± 11.9

55.5 ± 9.7*

38.5 ± 12.8**^†††

41.3 ± 18.4^†††

SV/Height^2.7 (mL/m^2.7)

52.7 ± 12.5

66.9 ± 13.7***

44.0 ± 15.0*^†††

43.0 ± 12.5*^†††

LV muscle mass (g)

109 ± 29

200 ± 55***

187 ± 48***

215 ± 78***

LVIDd (mm)

52 ± 5.1

51 ± 4.5

67 ± 5.0***^†††

52 ± 7.4^‡‡‡

LVIDs (mm)

35.1 ± 4.6

31.6 ± 5.9

59.4 ± 5.9***^†††

40.6 ± 9.7**^{†††‡‡‡}

EDWT (mm)

7.6 ± 1.2

10.5 ± 2.5***

7.9 ± 1^†††

14.1 ± 2.7***^{†††‡‡‡}

ESWT (mm)

12.0 ± 1.6

16.8 ± 3.4***

10.1 ± 1.8**^†††

17.9 ± 2.8***^‡‡‡

LV length (mm)

96.7 ± 8.5

99.8 ± 8.0

105 ± 7.9***^††

98.5 ± 8.3^‡‡

EF (%)

63.8 ± 6.6

66.0 ± 8.4

29.6 ± 11.2***^†††

49 ± 15.5***^{†††‡‡‡}

EF_c (%)

64.8 ± 5.6

59.0 ± 8.8**

35.2 ± 7.6***^†††

39.6 ± 9.2***^†††

Myocardial Contr. Frac. (%)

89.9 ± 16.5

63.9 ± 15.4***

45.8 ± 17.6***^†††

40.8 ± 18.2***^†††

Long. shortening (%)

15.5 ± 2.5

10.8 ± 2.6***

5.8 ± 2.9***^†††

6.1 ± 2.6***^†††

Circ. shortening (%)

18.4 ± 2.2

17.3 ± 3.3

7.8 ± 3.1***^†††

9.3 ± 3.4***^†††

Radial thickening (%)

61.3 ± 14.6

61.8 ± 14.4

29.9 ± 10.2***^†††

30.8 ± 13.4***^†††

Lamé Long. σ SBP (KPa)

25.1 ± 4.8

25.1 ± 8.5

30.2 ± 6.4*^††

13.5 ± 4.9***^{†††‡‡‡}

Lamé Long. σ MAP (KPa)

18.6 ± 3.8

17.8 ± 5.8

21.7 ± 4.7*^†††

10.1 ± 4.7***^{†††‡‡‡}

Lamé Long. σ DBP (KPa)

15.4 ± 3.3

14.2 ± 4.7

17.6 ± 3.9^††

8.5 ± 3.2***^{†††‡‡‡}

Laplace Long. σ SBP (KPa)

28.7 ± 4.9

29.9 ± 9.1**

33.6 ± 6.5***^†

17.0 ± 5.2^{†††‡‡‡}

Lamé Circ. σ SBP (KPa)

57.0 ± 9.9

58.8 ± 18.3

66.8 ± 13.0**^†

33.1 ± 10.5***^{†††‡‡‡}

Laplace Circ. σ SBP (KPa)

57.5 ± 9.9

59.8 ± 18.2

67.2 ± 12.9**^†

34.0 ± 10.5***^{†††‡‡‡}

Cardiomyocyte σ (KPa)

34.6 ± 7.3

31.9 ± 10.4

39.4 ± 8.6^†††

19.3 ± 7.2***^{†††‡‡‡}

Peak TIN force (N)

203 ± 51.2

286 ± 81.1***

385 ± 74.9***^†††

257 ± 107*^‡‡‡

Peak Long. force (N)

26.0 ± 6.2

33.5 ± 9.5***

49.2 ± 8.0***^†††

32.2 ± 13.0*^‡‡‡

Peak TIN force/LVM (N/g)

1.89 ± 0.31

1.50 ± 0.48***

2.14 ± 0.44*^†††

1.28 ± 0.47***^‡‡‡

Peak Long. force/LVM (N/g)

0.24 ± 0.05

0.18 ± 0.07***

0.27 ± 0.06^†††

0.16 ± 0.06***^‡‡‡

Stroke work (J)

1.12 ± 0.32

1.88 ± 0.43***

0.86 ± 0.30**^†††

0.98 ± 0.32^†††

Stroke work/LVM (J/Kg)

10.4 ± 2.3

9.9 ± 2.7

4.8 ± 1.8***^†††

5.1 ± 2.4***^†††

Stroke work/H^2.7 (J/m^2.7)

0.262 ± 0.076

0.439 ± 0.103***

0.192 ± 0.066***^†††

0.225 ± 0.071^†††

Pressure-strain loop (mHg%)

1.93 ± 0.36

1.86 ± 0.47

0.67 ± 0.34***^†††

0.81 ± 0.37***^†††

GLASED MAP (KJ/m³))

1.44 ± 0.37

0.988 ± 0.454***

0.618 ± 0.32***^†††

0.312 ± 0.19***^{†††‡‡‡}

GLASED SBP (KJ/m³)

1.94 ± 0.49

1.39 ± 0.65***

0.86 ± 0.45***^†††

0.42 ± 0.28***^{†††‡‡‡}

Laplace SSP SBP (KJ/m³)

2.14 ± 0.55

1.67 ± 0.74**

0.99 ± 0.45***^†††

0.58 ± 0.36***^†††‡

Laplace SSP MAP (KJ/m³)

1.58 ± 0.42

1.18 ± 0.52***

0.710 ± 0.38***^†††

0.432 ± 0.25***^{†††‡‡‡}

GLASE SBP (J)

0.199 ± 0.073

0.240 ± 0.082*

0.146 ± 0.080**^†††

0.077 ± 0.043***^{†††‡‡‡}

GLASE MAP (J)

0.147 ± 0.055

0.17 ± 0.056

0.105 ± 0.057***^†††

0.057 ± 0.03***^{†††‡‡‡}

GLASE SBP/BSA (cJ/m²)

10.60 ± 3.78

11.76 ± 4.37

7.20 ± 3.59***^†††

4.09 ± 2.55***^{†††‡‡‡}

GLASE SBP/H^2.7 (cJ/m^2.7)

4.65 ± 1.55

5.70 ± 2.31*

3.23 ± 1.59*^†††

1.77 ± 1.06***^{†††‡‡‡}

CASED SBP (KJ/m³)

5.26 ± 1.24

5.20 ± 2.08

2.60 ± 1.13***^†††

1.56 ± 0.78***^{†††‡‡}

CASE SBP (J)

0.535 ± 0.175

0.917 ± 0.306***

0.450 ± 0.203^†††

0.287 ± 0.119***^{†††‡‡}

CASE SBP/H^2.7 (J/m^2.7)

0.125 ± 0.037

0.217 ± 0.083***

0.101 ± 0.043*^†††

0.066 ± 0.028***^{†††‡‡}