Table 1 The baseline characteristics of the incident cardiovascular disease in patients with T2DM.

From: Impact of chronic hepatitis on cardiovascular events among type 2 diabetes patients in Taiwan pay-for-performance program

Variables	Total		No liver-related disease		Hepatitis B		Hepatitis C		Fatty liver disease		p-value ^a
Variables	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	p-value ^a
Total	152,709	100.00	125,473	82.16	10,174	6.66	5056	3.31	12,006	7.86	–
Sex											< 0.001
Male	75,815	49.65	60,823	80.23	6328	8.35	2526	3.33	6138	8.10
Female	76,894	50.35	64,650	84.08	3846	5.00	2530	3.29	5868	7.63
Duration of DM (years)											< 0.001
≤ 1	23,150	15.16	18,372	79.36	1796	7.76	732	3.16	2250	9.72
1–5	26,260	17.20	21,146	80.53	1867	7.11	891	3.39	2356	8.97
5–10	22,014	14.42	17,910	81.36	1491	6.77	836	3.80	1777	8.07
> 10	21,931	14.36	18,501	84.36	1120	5.11	806	3.68	1504	6.86
Not available	59,354	38.87	49,544	83.47	3900	6.57	1791	3.02	4119	6.94
Age (years)											< 0.001
20–39	7757	5.08	6042	77.89	711	9.17	104	1.34	900	11.60
40–54	46,455	30.42	36,814	79.25	4176	8.99	1253	2.70	4212	9.07
55–64	49,038	32.11	40,016	81.60	3298	6.73	1870	3.81	3854	7.86
65–74	34,682	22.71	29,382	84.72	1646	4.75	1383	3.99	2271	6.55
≥ 75	14,777	9.68	13,219	89.46	343	2.32	446	3.02	769	5.20
Mean ± SD	59.32 ± 11.67		59.78 ± 11.74		55.57 ± 10.54		61.13 ± 10.01		57.02 ± 11.62		< 0.001
Monthly salary (NTD)											< 0.001
≤ 17,280	34,388	22.52	28,916	84.09	1963	5.71	960	2.79	2549	7.41
17,281–22,800	58,322	38.19	47,629	81.67	3833	6.57	2439	4.18	4421	7.58
22,801–36,300	28,527	18.68	23,397	82.02	1964	6.88	850	2.98	2316	8.12
36,301–45,800	15,812	10.35	12,829	81.13	1194	7.55	461	2.92	1328	8.40
≥ 45,801	15,660	10.25	12,702	81.11	1220	7.79	346	2.21	1392	8.89
CCI score											< 0.001
0	97,806	64.05	83,871	85.75	4938	5.05	1800	1.84	7197	7.36
1	33,761	22.11	25,667	76.03	3308	9.80	1754	5.20	3032	8.98
2	12,938	8.47	10,112	78.16	964	7.45	738	5.70	1124	8.69
≥ 3	8204	5.37	5823	70.98	964	11.75	764	9.31	653	7.96
DCSI score (mean ± SD)	0.61 ± 0.95		0.62 ± 0.96		0.55 ± 0.89		0.68 ± 1.01		0.52 ± 0.85		< 0.001
0	93,835	61.45	76,560	81.59	6474	6.90	2969	3.16	7832	8.35	< 0.001
1	35,511	23.25	29,203	82.24	2386	6.72	1201	3.38	2721	7.66
≥ 2	23,363	15.30	19,710	84.36	1314	5.62	886	3.79	1453	6.22
Hypertension											< 0.001
No	66,137	43.31	53,468	80.84	5073	7.67	2123	3.21	5473	8.28
Yes	86,572	56.69	72,005	83.17	5101	5.89	2933	3.39	6533	7.55
Gout											< 0.001
No	141,581	92.71	116,454	82.25	9476	6.69	4664	3.29	10,987	7.76
Yes	11,128	7.29	9019	81.05	698	6.27	392	3.52	1019	9.16
BMI (kg/m²)^b											< 0.001
BMI < 18.5	1159	0.76	987	85.16	79	6.82	52	4.49	41	3.54
18.5 ≤ BMI < 24	47,270	30.95	39,303	83.15	3241	6.86	1737	3.67	2989	6.32
24 ≤ BMI < 27	24,825	16.26	20,297	81.76	1665	6.71	837	3.37	2026	8.16
BMI ≥ 27	42,984	28.15	34,403	80.04	3042	7.08	1228	2.86	4311	10.03
Not performed	36,471	23.88	30,483	83.58	2147	5.89	1202	3.30	2639	7.24
Smoking											< 0.001
Never	144,528	94.64	118,966	82.31	9532	6.60	4712	3.26	11,318	7.83
Ever	8181	5.36	6507	79.54	642	7.85	344	4.20	688	8.41
Alcohol use											< 0.001
Never	149,014	97.58	122,573	82.26	9876	6.63	4939	3.31	11,626	7.80
Ever	3695	2.42	2900	78.48	298	8.06	117	3.17	380	10.28
Hospital level											< 0.001
Medical center	29,057	19.03	23,788	81.87	1773	6.10	847	2.91	2649	9.12
Regional	54,780	35.87	45,199	82.51	3500	6.39	1963	3.58	4118	7.52
District	25,893	16.96	20,877	80.63	1791	6.92	945	3.65	2280	8.81
Clinic	42,979	28.14	35,609	82.85	3110	7.24	1301	3.03	2959	6.88
HbA1c (%)
1st time (Mean ± SD)	7.92 ± 1.68		7.93 ± 1.68		7.83 ± 1.68		7.82 ± 1.71		7.87 ± 1.66		< 0.001
< 7	48,911	32.03	39,567	80.90	3545	7.25	1778	3.64	4021	8.22	< 0.001
7–9	72,271	47.33	59,740	82.66	4635	6.41	2273	3.15	5623	7.78
> 9	31,527	20.65	26,166	83.00	1994	6.32	1005	3.19	2362	7.49
Average of 1st year (mean ± SD)	7.71 ± 1.30		7.72 ± 1.30		7.64 ± 1.27		7.63 ± 1.31		7.66 ± 1.27		< 0.001
CV (× 100)^c	8.68		8.60		8.99		9.84		8.82		< 0.001
SD (× 100)	69.46		68.96		71.21		77.27		69.93		< 0.001
Adjusted CV (× 100)^c	7.97		7.90		8.25		9.03		8.10		< 0.001
CV ≤ 4.28	38,221	25.03	32,005	83.74	2399	6.28	961	2.51	2856	7.47	< 0.001
4.28 < CV ≤ 6.60	38,083	24.94	31,507	82.73	2458	6.45	1121	2.94	2997	7.87
6.60 < CV ≤ 10.12	38,256	25.05	31,284	81.78	2589	6.77	1318	3.45	3065	8.01
CV > 10.12	38,149	24.98	30,677	80.41	2728	7.15	1656	4.34	3088	8.09
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)
1st time (mean ± SD)	151.03 ± 52.55		151.32 ± 52.49		149.66 ± 52.20		151.30 ± 58.01		149.03 ± 50.91		< 0.001
< 80	3086	2.02	2521	81.69	210	6.80	143	4.63	212	6.87	< 0.001
80–130	56,544	37.03	46,036	81.42	3935	6.96	1890	3.34	4683	8.28
> 130	93,079	60.95	76,916	82.64	6029	6.48	3023	3.25	7111	7.64
Average of 1st year (mean ± SD)	148.69 ± 38.26		148.76 ± 38.18		148.16 ± 38.55		149.67 ± 40.39		147.99 ± 37.88		0.020
CV (× 100)^c	19.55		19.51		19.78		21.58		18.91		< 0.001
SD (× 100)	3028.09		3020.67		3069.56		3374.86		2924.43		< 0.001
Adjusted CV (× 100)^c	17.78		17.75		17.96		19.61		17.22		< 0.001
CV ≤ 9.91	39,533	25.89	32,597	82.46	2615	6.61	1119	2.83	3202	8.10	< 0.001
9.91 < CV ≤ 15.23	37,699	24.69	31,036	82.33	2520	6.68	1094	2.90	3049	8.09
15.23 < CV ≤ 22.95	37,739	24.71	30,882	81.83	2531	6.71	1278	3.39	3048	8.08
CV > 22.95	37,738	24.71	30,958	82.03	2508	6.65	1565	4.15	2707	7.17
LDL-C (mg/dl) (mean ± SD)^b	109.32 ± 32.63		109.80 ± 32.66		106.94 ± 31.60		101.90 ± 30.88		109.38 ± 33.46		< 0.001
< 100	61,315	40.15	49,685	81.03	4329	7.06	2546	4.15	4755	7.76	< 0.001
100–130	54,498	35.69	44,844	82.29	3680	6.75	1666	3.06	4308	7.90
> 130	36,896	24.16	30,944	83.87	2165	5.87	844	2.29	2943	7.98
Creatinine (mg/dl) (mean ± SD)	1.00 ± 0.57		1.01 ± 0.59		1.00 ± 0.56		1.04 ± 0.62		0.94 ± 0.40		< 0.001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²) ≥ 90	36,759	24.07	29,539	80.36	2777	7.55	999	2.72	3444	9.37	< 0.001
60 ≤ eGFR ≤ 89	77,939	51.04	63,369	81.31	5549	7.12	2667	3.42	6354	8.15
45 ≤ eGFR ≤ 59	24,178	15.83	20,499	84.78	1277	5.28	839	3.47	1563	6.46
30 ≤ eGFR ≤ 44	9911	6.49	8645	87.23	380	3.83	380	3.83	506	5.11
15 ≤ eGFR ≤ 29	3130	2.05	2746	87.73	139	4.44	134	4.28	111	3.55
eGFR < 15	792	0.52	675	85.23	52	6.57	37	4.67	28	3.54
SGPT (u/l) (Mean ± SD)^b	31.43 ± 31.34		27.85 ± 24.65		46.46 ± 53.03		63.81 ± 62.87		39.77 ± 30.94		< 0.001
< 35	37,501	24.56	32,676	87.13	1775	4.73	748	1.99	2302	6.14	< 0.001
35–100	12,275	8.04	8360	68.11	1386	11.29	887	7.23	1642	13.38
> 100	1284	0.84	549	42.76	222	17.29	334	26.01	179	13.94
Not performed	101,649	66.56	83,888	82.53	6791	6.68	3087	3.04	7883	7.76
Triglycerides (mg/dl) (mean ± SD)	152.34 ± 157.07		153.59 ± 152.79		139.55 ± 163.05		124.13 ± 103.61		162.02 ± 205.40		< 0.001
< 150	95,912	62.81	77,858	81.18	7093	7.40	3785	3.95	7176	7.48	< 0.001
150–200	25,271	16.55	21,096	83.48	1437	5.69	648	2.56	2090	8.27
> 200	31,526	20.64	26,519	84.12	1644	5.21	623	1.98	2740	8.69
UACR (mg/dl)											< 0.001
< 30	99,672	65.27	81,365	81.63	7076	7.10	3066	3.08	8165	8.19
30–300	27,809	18.21	22,950	82.53	1650	5.93	1052	3.78	2157	7.76
> 300	8286	5.43	7011	84.61	440	5.31	372	4.49	463	5.59
Not performed	16,942	11.09	14,147	83.50	1008	5.95	566	3.34	1221	7.21

^aχ² test, ANOVA.
^bT2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, LDL-C low density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, UACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (by random urine specimen).
^cCV = SD/Mean; adjusted CV = CV/√(n/n − 1).

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Table 1 The baseline characteristics of the incident cardiovascular disease in patients with T2DM.

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