Table 3 Association between baseline sleep parameters and decline in the score on the Min-Mental Status Examination^a based on physical frailty status.

From: Sleep habits are associated with cognition decline in physically robust, but not in frail participants: a longitudinal observational study

	Total					Robust				Prefrail				Frail				P-heterogeneity
	Diff > -3	Diff ≤ -3	OR^b	95% CI		Diff > -3	Diff ≤ -3	OR^b	95% CI	Diff > -3	Diff ≤ -3	OR^b	95% CI	Diff > -3	Diff ≤ -3	OR^b	95% CI	P-heterogeneity
Midpoint of sleep
23:00–01:00	157	96	1.04	(0.77, 1.41)		79	44	1.22	(0.80, 1.86)	62	43	0.86	(0.53, 1.36)	8	6	0.82	(0.23, 2.82)	0.861
01:00–03:00	1032	460	1.00			646	238	1.00		346	187	1.00		21	24	1.00
03:00–05:00	262	75	0.86	(0.64, 1.17)		163	36	0.77	(0.51, 1.16)	87	36	1.15	(0.71, 1.85)	6	2	0.27	(0.03, 1.49)
05:00–23:00	39	10	0.67	(0.31, 1.45)		17	4	0.70	(0.23, 2.20)	19	5	1.08	(0.35, 2.90)	3	0	–	–
Total sleep duration (h)
< 5	147	82	1.41	(1.00, 1.98)		71	39	1.88	(1.18, 3.00)	62	36	1.02	(0.60, 1.74)	8	7	1.05	(0.25, 4.40)	0.626
5–7	638	251	1.01	(0.81, 1.26)		398	133	1.06	(0.79, 1.42)	212	105	1.00	(0.69, 1.44)	15	7	0.52	(0.13, 2.03)
7–9	606	241	1.00			391	125	1.00		197	102	1.00		7	9	1.00
≥ 9	96	63	1.28	(0.87, 1.88)		45	25	1.45	(0.83, 2.53)	40	27	1.06	(0.59, 1.90)	8	9	1.40	(0.34, 5.95)
Nap
No	659	250	1.00			393	127	1.00		230	104	1.00		18	13	1.00		0.900
Yes	832	391	1.13	(0.92, 1.38)		512	195	1.13	(0.86, 1.48)	285	167	1.15	(0.83, 1.59)	20	19	1.04	(0.38, 2.77)
Excessive daytime sleepiness
≤ 10	1198	476	1.00			749	249	1.00		396	197	1.00		26	22	1.00		0.535
> 10	200	109	1.26	(0.95, 1.66)		117	60	1.49	(1.04, 2.13)	75	38	1.01	(0.62, 1.61)	7	7	1.46	(0.43, 5.07)
Sleep efficiency
≥ 85%	793	329	1.00			520	179	1.00		248	132	1.00		10	12	1.00		0.628
75%-85%	323	127	0.90	(0.69, 1.17)		203	59	0.84	(0.59, 1.19)	105	56	0.95	(0.62, 1.45)	10	7	0.66	(0.14, 2.94)
65%-75%	176	70	0.94	(0.67, 1.30)		99	35	1.02	(0.65, 1.58)	65	30	0.82	(0.48, 1.37)	6	5	0.84	(0.18, 3.92)
< 65%	194	113	1.21	(0.90, 1.63)		83	49	1.62	(1.07, 2.46)	92	52	0.97	(0.61, 1.51)	12	8	0.65	(0.15, 2.58)
Insomnia complaint
No	1423	602	1.00			878	302	1.00		480	257	1.00		35	28	1.00		0.022
Yes	68	39	1.38	(0.88, 2.18)		27	20	2.34	(1.23, 4.43)	35	14	0.71	(0.34, 1.41)	3	4	2.76	(0.56, 15.4)
Insomnia diagnosis
No	1358	590	1.00			851	297	1.00		444	251	1.00		33	28	1.00		0.021
Yes	133	51	0.94	(0.64, 1.37)		54	25	1.52	(0.89, 2.58)	71	30	0.55	(0.30, 0.97)	5	4	1.12	(0.22, 5.95)
Self-reported hypnotic or sedative drug use
No	1255	557	1.00			788	286	1.00		411	232	1.00		28	25	1.00		0.644
Yes	236	84	0.78	(0.58, 1.06)		117	36	0.81	(0.53, 1.25)	104	39	0.72	(0.45, 1.12)	10	7	0.99	(0.27, 3.57)
Sleep summary score^c
0	993	368	1.00			647	199	1.00		311	153	1.00		14	11	1.00		0.131
1	343	163	1.10	(0.86,	1.40)	193	80	1.31	(0.95, 1.80)	128	65	0.87	(0.59, 1.28)	17	13	1.31	(0.43, 4.16)
≥ 2	58	52	2.54	(1.64, 3.95)^d		26	30	3.79	(2.10, 6.85) ^d	28	16	1.37	(0.65, 2.87)	2	5	4.43	(0.73, 33.6)

CES-D center for epidemiologic studies–depression scale, CI confidence interval, h hours, OR odds ratio, NE not estimable.
^aA substantial decline in score was defined as a drop of 3 or more points at the follow-up assessment.
^bOdds ratios were adjusted for age at the baseline assessment, sex, center, education, current working status, betel nut chewing status, number of chronic diseases, social network score, and CES-D score (and physical frailty status for total).
^cSleep summary score was created for having short or long sleep duration (< 5 or ≥ 9 h), excessive daytime sleepiness, and insomnia complaints.
^dP < 0.005.

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Table 3 Association between baseline sleep parameters and decline in the score on the Min-Mental Status Examination^a based on physical frailty status.

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