Figure 1

Changes in behaviors after disbudding calculated as difference between post-and pre-disbudding behavior. Disbudding significantly increased head-shaking, head-rubbing and self-grooming in all calves. Eating forage significantly increased only in PAIR calves which resulted in a significant difference between housing treatments. The boxplots depict median, interquartile range, data range as whiskers and outliers as circles. Blue boxes: Individually housed calves (n = 10). Hatched red boxes: Pair-housed calves (n = 12). Asterisks represent statistically significant differences between treatments (**P ≤ 0.01), crosses indicate statistically significant differences of all calves from zero, i.e., a significant change of the behavior after disbudding (⁺P ≤ 0.05, ⁺⁺P ≤ 0.01, ⁺⁺⁺⁺P ≤ 0.0001).