Figure 5
From: Titania nanospikes activate macrophage phagocytosis by ligand-independent contact stimulation
No TLR stimulation required for macrophage activation by titania nanosurfaces Gene expressions of (A) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), (B) toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and TLR2 relative to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in J774A.1 cells preincubated with or without a 10 μg/mL anti-TLR2 antibody for 1 h and then cultured on a polystyrene culture plate or on smooth (SM), micro-roughened (MR), or nano-roughened (NR) 1 or 2 surfaces in fresh DMEM with or without M1-induction for 24 h. Data represented as means ± standard deviation (SD; N = 3). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05; Tukey’s honestly significant difference [HSD] test in A, Bonferroni multiple comparisons test in B).
