Figure 6

Additional effects of ligand stimulation on macrophage activation by titania nanosurfaces (A) Representative microscopic images of J774A.1 cells co-incubated with the various concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL) on a polystyrene culture plate for 24 h. A histogram shows the gene expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) relative to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), as analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in various concentrations of LPS. Gene expressions of (B) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and (C) toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) genes expression relative to GAPDH, as analyzed by RT-PCR, in J774A.1 cells co-cultured with or without 100 ng/mL LPS on the polystyrene or smooth (SM), micro-roughened (MR), or nano-roughened (NR) 1 or 2 surfaces. Data represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD; N = 3). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05; Dunnett’s test in A and Bonferroni multiple comparisons test in B and C).