Table 1 Description of catchment- and reach-scale environmental covariates measured at each monitored site including related hydrological and stream heat exchange processes (+ /− symbols indicate expected positive/negative relationships), and the source and format of the data sets used in this study to derive each variable.

From: Timescale mediates the effects of environmental controls on water temperature in mid- to low-order streams

Variable

Description

Relevance

Data source

Format

I. Catchment scale

Cultivated area

Proportion of cultivated area (crop and paddy field uses) within contributing catchment

Surface run−off (+). Catchment responsiveness (+) and residence time (−)

ALOS/AVNIR−2 High Resolution Land Use/Cover map, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

10 m raster

Quaternary/pre−Quaternary volcanic rock

Proportion of formations classified as volcanic rocks within contributing catchment of Quaternary/pre−Quaternary origin

Hydrogeological processes. Groundwater contribution (+)

Seamless Digital Geological Map of Japan, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST

1:200,000 vector

II. Riparian buffer

Reach elevation

Mean elevation of the 100 m stream reach centered on a site

River discharge (−), channel width (−), depth (−), and slope (+)

DEM Geospatial Information Authority of Japan

10 m raster

Riparian forest cover

Proportion of forest land use (evergreen, deciduous and bamboo forest) within upstream riparian buffer (120 m wide centered on the stream line and running 1 km upstream from each site). Where channel bifurcations where met, the buffer extended on all stems

Incident incoming solar radiation (−)

ALOS / AVNIR−2 High Resolution Land Use/Cover map, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

10 m raster

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