Table 4 Association of survival among randomly sampled Aphis glycines from field populations with different voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) amino acid (aa) changes (L1014F:M918I). Phenotypes defined as survivor and moribund following exposure to bifenthrin and lambada-cyhalothrin at LC₉₉ levels in glass-vial bioassays.

From: Association of voltage-gated sodium channel mutations with field-evolved pyrethroid resistant phenotypes in soybean aphid and genetic markers for their detection

Location	Phenotype	n	A. glycines vgsc genotype (L1014F:M918I) ^a
Location	Phenotype	n	L/L:M/M	L/L:M/I	L/L:I/I	L/F:M/M	L/F:M/I	L/F:I/I	F/F:M/M	F/F:M/I	F/F:I/I	P
2019—Bifenthrin
Boone-IA	Moribund	32	2 (6.3)	10 (31.2)	0 (0.0)	19 (59.4)	1 (3.1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.048
Boone-IA	Survivor	8	1 (12.5)	2 (25.0)	0 (0.0)	5 (62.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.048
Kanawha-IA	Moribund	29	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	28 (96.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.083
Kanawha-IA	Survivor	11	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	8 (72.7)	1 (9.1)	0 (0.0)	2 (18.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.083
Sutherland-IA	Moribund	37	5 (13.5)	1 (2.7)	0 (0.0)	27 (73.0)	4 (10.8)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.444
Sutherland-IA	Survivor	2	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (100)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.444
Darwin-MN	Moribund	20	4 (20.0)	3 (15.0)	0 (0.0)	7 (35.0)	3 (15.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (15.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.012
Darwin-MN	Survivor	17	0 (0.0)	1 (5.9)	0 (0.0)	9 (52.9)	6 (35.3)	0 (0.0)	1 (5.9)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.012
All locations	Moribund	118	11 (9.3)	14 (11.9)	0 (0.0)	81 (68.6)	8 (6.8)	0 (0.0)	4 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.008
All locations	Survivor	38	1 (2.6)	3 (7.9)	0 (0.0)	22 (57.9)	9 (23.7)	0 (0.0)	3 (7.9)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.008
2019—Lambda-cyhalothrin
Boone-IA	Moribund	40	12 (30.0)	3 (7.5)	0 (0.0)	23 (57.5)	2 (5.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	N/A
Boone-IA	Survivor	0	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	N/A
Kanawha-IA	Moribund	35	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	34 (97.1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.9)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.083
Kanawha-IA	Survivor	5	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (20.0)	2 (40.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (40.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.083
Sutherland-IA	Moribund	15	5 (33.3)	1 (6.7)	0 (0.0)	5 (33.3)	4 (26.7)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.079
Sutherland-IA	Survivor	22	3 (13.6)	2 (9.1)	0 (0.0)	8 (36.4)	9 (40.9)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.079
Darwin-MN	Moribund	20	4 (20.0)	6 (30.0)	0 (0.0)	8 (40.0)	1 (5.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (5.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.040
Darwin-MN	Survivor	20	1 (5.0)	5 (25.0)	0 (0.0)	5 (25.0)	9 (45.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.040
All locations	Moribund	110	21 (19.1)	10 (9.1)	0 (0.0)	70 (63.6)	7 (6.4)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.8)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.008
All locations	Survivor	47	4 (8.5)	7 (14.9)	0 (0.0)	14 (29.8)	20 (42.6)	0 (0.0)	2 (4.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.008
2020—Bifenthrin
Nashua-IA	Moribund	38	27 (71.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	9 (23.7)	2 (5.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	N/A
Nashua-IA	Survivor	0	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	N/A
Sutherland-IA	Moribund	20	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	20 (100)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.222
Sutherland-IA	Survivor	18	0 (0.0)	1 (5.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	17 (94.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.222
All locations	Moribund	58	27 (46.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	9 (15.5)	2 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	20 (34.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.722
All locations	Survivor	18	0 (0.0)	1 (5.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	17 (94.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.722
2020—Lambda-cyhalothrin
Nashua-IA	Moribund	29	17 (58.6)	1 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	10 (34.5)	1 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.107
Nashua-IA	Survivor	8	3 (37.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (50.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (12.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.107
Sutherland-IA	Moribund	33	1 (3.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (9.1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	29 (87.9)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.333
Sutherland-IA	Survivor	3	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.333
All locations	Moribund	62	18 (29.0)	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	13 (21.0)	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	29 (46.8)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.024
All locations	Survivor	11	3 (27.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (36.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (36.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.024

Counts given for diploid individuals with predicted amino acids (aa/aa) at each locus (1014:918). Numbers in parenthesis represent the percentage of each genotype. Significance of association between encoded aa and aphid survival determined using Fisher’s exact tests.
^aAlleles at the A. glycines vgsc 1014 kdr locus encoding leucine (L; CTT codon) or phenylalanine (F; TTT codon) at amino acid position 1014: homozygous susceptible (L/L), heterozygote (L/F), or homozygous resistant (F/F); Alleles at encoding methionine (M; ATG codon) or isoleucine (I; ATA codon) at amino acid position 918: homozygous susceptible (M/M), heterozygote (M/I), or homozygous resistant (I/I).

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