Table 1 Results of the univariate and multi-variable analysis for village and farm-level risk factors (N = 144 farms, N = 42 villages) associated with H5 flock-level seroprevalence on backyard chicken farms in Bangladesh, 2016.
Risk factors (listed in risk groups) | Category | Univariate analysis | Multi-variable analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H5 positive (%) | H5 negative (%) | H5 OR (95% CI) | H5 p value | H5 OR (95% CI) | H5 p value | ||
Village-level factors (N = 144 farms, N = 42 villages) | |||||||
Environmental or ecological features | |||||||
Crow abundance around a garbage dumping places within the village | No crows or absence of garbage dumping place | 20 (19.6) | 82 (80.4) | Reference | 0.001 | Reference | 0.039 |
Yes | 20 (47.6) | 22 (52.4) | 3.7 (1.7–8.1) | 3.4 (1.1–10.8) | |||
Farm-level factors (N = 144 farms) | |||||||
Trading practices | |||||||
Number of chickens bought from live bird markets in the last 12 months | 0 | 25 (20.5) | 97 (79.5) | Reference | 0.000 | Reference | 0.016 |
1–3 | 6 (54.6) | 5 (45.5) | 4.7 (1.3–16.5) | 9.5 (1.3–69.9) | |||
> 3 | 9 (81.8) | 2 (18.2) | 17.5 (3.5–86.0) | 8.8 (1.2–65.9) | |||
Disposal of garbage | |||||||
Garbage piled up around the poultry houses or on the farm | No | 23 (19.0) | 98 (81.0) | Reference | 0.000 | Reference | 0.010 |
Yes | 17 (73.9) | 6 (26.1) | 30.8 (5.6–168.7) | 9.1 (1.7–48.8) | |||
Indirect contact with other animals | |||||||
Feeding of different poultry species with the same feeder or in the same location | No | 10 (13.0) | 67 (87.0) | Reference | 0.000 | Reference | 0.003 |
Yes | 30 (44.8) | 37 (55.2) | 5.8 (2.4–14.3) | 5.2 (1.7–15.7) | |||
Pond water used as source of drinking water for poultry | No | 13 (16.3) | 67 (83.8) | Reference | 0.002 | Reference | 0.010 |
Yes | 27 (42.2) | 37 (57.8) | 4.1 (1.7–10.2) | 4.6 (1.4–14.9) |