Table 1 Results of the univariate and multi-variable analysis for village and farm-level risk factors (N = 144 farms, N = 42 villages) associated with H5 flock-level seroprevalence on backyard chicken farms in Bangladesh, 2016.

From: Village and farm-level risk factors for avian influenza infection on backyard chicken farms in Bangladesh

Risk factors (listed in risk groups)

Category

Univariate analysis

Multi-variable analysis

H5 positive (%)

H5 negative (%)

H5 OR (95% CI)

H5 p value

H5 OR (95% CI)

H5 p value

Village-level factors (N = 144 farms, N = 42 villages)

Environmental or ecological features

 Crow abundance around a garbage dumping places within the village

No crows or absence of garbage dumping place

20 (19.6)

82 (80.4)

Reference

0.001

Reference

0.039

Yes

20 (47.6)

22 (52.4)

3.7 (1.7–8.1)

3.4 (1.1–10.8)

Farm-level factors (N = 144 farms)

Trading practices

 Number of chickens bought from live bird markets in the last 12 months

0

25 (20.5)

97 (79.5)

Reference

0.000

Reference

0.016

1–3

6 (54.6)

5 (45.5)

4.7 (1.3–16.5)

9.5 (1.3–69.9)

 > 3

9 (81.8)

2 (18.2)

17.5 (3.5–86.0)

8.8 (1.2–65.9)

Disposal of garbage

 Garbage piled up around the poultry houses or on the farm

No

23 (19.0)

98 (81.0)

Reference

0.000

Reference

0.010

Yes

17 (73.9)

6 (26.1)

30.8 (5.6–168.7)

9.1 (1.7–48.8)

Indirect contact with other animals

 Feeding of different poultry species with the same feeder or in the same location

No

10 (13.0)

67 (87.0)

Reference

0.000

Reference

0.003

Yes

30 (44.8)

37 (55.2)

5.8 (2.4–14.3)

5.2 (1.7–15.7)

 Pond water used as source of drinking water for poultry

No

13 (16.3)

67 (83.8)

Reference

0.002

Reference

0.010

Yes

27 (42.2)

37 (57.8)

4.1 (1.7–10.2)

4.6 (1.4–14.9)

  1. Significant values are in bold.