Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics among N = 19 infants by IVH status.

Variables	Total (N = 19)	No IVH (N = 10)	IVH grade I or II (N = 4)	IVH grade III or IV (N = 5)	P value*
Gestational age (weeks)	26.1 ± 1.5	26.1 ± 1.2	26.6 ± 2.1	25.6 ± 1.6	0.61
Birth weight (g)	818.6 ± 175.7	830.9 ± 167.5	891.3 ± 260.7	736.0 ± 102.9	0.42
Apgar at 1 min	3.0 (2.0–5.0)	4.0 (2.0–5.5)	4.0 (3.0–5.0)	2.0 (1.0–2.5)	0.03
Apgar at 5 min	6.0 (5.0–7.0)	7.0 (6.0–8.0)	6.0 (5.3–6.0)	5.0 (3.5–6.5)	0.04
Male	13 (68.4%)	6 (60.0%)	3 (75.0%)	4 (80.0%)	0.82
Death	4 (21.1%)	0 (0%)	1 (25.0%)	3 (60.0%)	0.03
Time of IVH found by HUS (HoL)	–	–	131.1 ± 74.0	44.9 ± 21.4	0.04
Time of the 1st DCS measurement (HoL)	31.3 ± 13.4	27.8 ± 11.3	41.5 ± 14.4	30.0 ± 15.1	0.23
Arterial line	8 (42.1%)	5 (50.0%)	1 (25.0%)	2 (40.0%)	0.83
Delivery					0.94
C-section	11 (57.9%)	6 (60.0%)	2 (50.0%)	3 (60.0%)
SVD	8 (42.1%)	4 (40.0%)	2 (50.0%)	2 (40.0%)^b
Maternal age (years)	30.6 ± 4.7	31.3 ± 3.9	26.3 ± 6.2	32.6 ± 3.2	0.09
Length of stay (days)
Missing^a	8 (42%)	3 (30%)	2 (50%)	3 (60%)	0.49
Median (25–75th)	121 (112–155)	120 (112–168)	136 (134–138)	106 (91–121)	0.40
PDA diagnosed by echo	12 (63.2%)	5 (50%)	4 (100%)	3 (60%)	0.32
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (chronic lung disease)	8 (50%), 3 missing	6 (75%)	2 (50%)	1 (25%)	0.29

Significant values are in bold.
*Linear regression was used for continuous variables that passed the normality test (otherwise Wilcoxon/Kruskal–Wallis Rank Sums test was used) and Fisher’s Exact Test was used for categorical variables; ^aMissing includes the total days less than 30 (due to early death or a transfer) identified as outliers; ^bOne case of vaginal-breech delivery. HUS Head ultrasound, HoL Hours of Life, SVD Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery. Data are presented as N (Column %) for categorical variables, except when presented as mean ± SD and when presented as median (25–75th).

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