Figure 1

(a) Results for linear regressions trend analyses (2003–2020) of the maximum August–September plume top height for Western US ecoregions and Canadian ecoprovinces based on ~ 4.6 million plumes. (b) Same as (a), but for the PM2.5 flux-weighted average plume top height. Only trends significant at p < 0.1 are displayed, with a crosshatch overlaid on trends with p < 0.05. Ecoregions relevant to the results presented within this manuscript are labelled. Given the similarity of trends presented in (b) for the Sierra Nevada, Central California Foothills and Coastal Mountains, and Klamath Mountains/California High North Coast Range ecoregions, a visual distinction may be made by viewing Fig. 2. Complete mappings of United States level 3 ecoregions66 and Canadian ecoprovinces67 are available from the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Government of Canada.