Table 3 Dependence of WJ-8 fastener stiffness and damping on temperature.

From: An investigation into the effects of soil and fastener-freezing on ground vibrations induced by high-speed train in frozen regions

Temperature (℃ )

 ≥ 0

− 5

− 10

− 20

Vertical stiffness of fastener (N/m)

3.95 × 107 × 2

4.63 × 107 × 2

5.25 × 107 × 2

7.31 × 107 × 2

Loss factor of fastener

0.2

0.306

0.404

0.748

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