Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants according to the status of developing hypertension or not.
Socio-demographic characteristics of groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Categories | All participants (18,322) | Participants who have developed hypertension (n = 625) | Participants who did not develop hypertension (n = 17,697) | P value |
Age, years, mean (SE) | 50.99 (0.07) | 53.99 (0.35) | 50.88 (0.07) | < 0.001 | |
Age, years, n (%) | 35 to less than 45 | 5556 (30.32) | 107 (17.12) | 5449 (30.79) | < 0.001 |
45 to less than 55 | 6188 (33.77) | 213 (34.08) | 5975 (33.76) | ||
55 to less than 65 | 5190 (28.33) | 226 (36.16) | 4964 (28.05) | ||
≥ 65 | 1388 (7.58) | 79 (12.64) | 1309 (7.39) | ||
Sex, n (%) | Male | 5763 (31.45) | 250 (40) | 5513 (31.15) | < 0.001 |
Female | 12,559 (68.55) | 375 (60) | 12,184 (68.85) | ||
Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SE) | 26.45 (0.04) | 28.63 (0.21) | 26.38 (0.04) | < 0.001 | |
Body mass index, kg/m2, n (%) | Underweight (< 18.5) | 179 (0.97) | – | – | < 0.001 |
Normal (18.5–24.99) | 7819 (42.68) | 148 (23.62) | 7642 (43.18) | ||
Overweight (25.0–29.99) | 6876 (37.53) | 271 (43.37) | 6501 (36.73) | ||
Obese (≥ 30.0) | 3448 (18.82) | 203 (32.53) | 3355 (18.96) | ||
BMI waist ratio, mean (SE) | 0.28 (0.0002) | 0.2893 (0.0013) | 0.2831 (0.0002) | < 0.001 | |
BMI waist ratio in quartiles, mean (SE) | Quartile 1 | 0.25 (0.0002) | 0.25 (0.0009) | 0.25 (0.0002) | 0.485 |
Quartile 2 | 0.27 (0.0001) | 0.27 (0.0004) | 0.27 (0.0001) | 0.433 | |
Quartile 3 | 0.29 (0.0001) | 0.29 (0.0005) | 0.29 (0.0001) | 0.118 | |
Quartile 4 | 0.32 (0.0003) | 0.33 (0.0016) | 0.32 (0.0003) | 0.017 | |
Hip circumference, mean (SE) | 104.85 (0.08) | 108.25 (0.44) | 104.78 (0.08) | < 0.001 | |
Waist circumference, mean (SE) | 92.38 (0.10) | 100.60 (0.60) | 92.21 (0.10) | < 0.001 | |
Waist circumference, n (%) | Normal (≤ 102 cm for male and ≤ 88 cm for female) | 10,188 (55.60) | 201 (32.11) | 9987 (56.43) | < 0.001 |
Substantially increased risk of metabolic complications (> 102 cm for male and > 88 cm for female) | 8134 (44.40) | 424 (67.89) | 7710 (43.57) | ||
Waist hip ratio, mean (SE) | 0.9093 (0.0006) | 0.9363 (0.0033) | 0.9085 (0.0006) | < 0.001 | |
Waist hip ratio, n (%) | Normal (< 0.9 for male and < 0.85 for female) | 4466 (24.38) | 101 (16.08) | 4366 (24.67) | < 0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (≥ 0.9 for male and ≥ 0.85 for female) | 13,856 (75.62) | 524 (83.92) | 13,331 (75.33) | ||
Body fat percentage, mean (SE) | 31.86 (0.07) | 34.67 (0.37) | 31.84 (0.07) | < 0.001 | |
Body fat percentage, n (%) | Normal (< 25.0 for male and < 35.0 for female) | 9425 (51.44) | 179 (28.59) | 9246 (52.25) | < 0.001 |
Obese (≥ 25.0 for male and ≥ 35.0 for female) | 8897 (48.56) | 446 (71.40) | 8451 (47.75) | ||
Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SE) | 72.96 (0.08) | 78.43 (0.47) | 72.78 (0.08) | < 0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, n (%) | < 80 | 13,977 (76.28) | 344 (55.05) | 13,633 (77.03) | < 0.001 |
80–89 | 3482 (19.00) | 184 (29.44) | 3298 (18.63) | ||
≥ 90 | 863 (4.71) | 97 (15.51) | 766 (4.33) | ||
Systolic blood pressure, mean (SE) | 119.71 (0.11) | 132.36 (0.67) | 119.40 (0.12) | < 0.001 | |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, n (%) | < 120 | 9600 (52.40) | 129 (20.69) | 9471 (53.52) | < 0.001 |
120–129 | 4585 (25.03) | 139 (22.25) | 4446 (25.12) | ||
130–139 | 2684 (14.65) | 176 (28.23) | 2508 (14.17) | ||
≥ 140 | 1453 (7.93) | 180 (28.83) | 1272 (7.19) | ||
Marital status, n (%) | Married and/or living with a partner | 14,457 (78.91) | 488 (78.08) | 13,969 (78.94) | 0.146 |
Single, never married | 1180 (6.44) | 32 (5.12) | 1148 (6.49) | ||
Other (divorced, widowed, separated) | 2685 (14.65) | 105 (16.8) | 2580 (14.57) | ||
Residence, n (%) | Urban | 15,272 (83.35) | 428 (68.48) | 14,844 (83.88) | 0.146 |
Rural | 3050 (16.65) | 197 (31.52) | 2853 (16.12) | ||
Total household income, n (%) | < $49,999 | 2800 (15.28) | 178 (28.56) | 2627 (14.84) | < 0.001 |
$50,000–$99,999 | 5912 (32.27) | 229 (36.68) | 5690 (32.15) | ||
$100,000–$199,999 | 7174 (39.16) | 177 (28.27) | 6986 (39.48) | ||
≥ $200,000 | 2436 (13.29) | 41 (6.49) | 2394 (13.52) | ||
Highest education level completed, n (%) | High school or below (none, elementary school, high school, trade, technical or vocational school, apprenticeship training or technical CEGEP) | 6164 (33.64) | 309 (49.35) | 5854 (33.08) | < 0.001 |
Diploma but below bachelor’s degree (diploma from a community college, pre-university CEGEP or non-university certificate, university certificate below bachelor’s level) | 4926 (26.89) | 163 (26.15) | 4764 (26.92) | ||
Bachelor’s degree or above (bachelor's degree, graduate degree (MSc, MBA, MD, PhD, etc.)) | 7232 (39.47) | 153 (24.49) | 7079 (40.0) | ||
Ethnicity, n (%) | Aboriginal | 68 (0.37) | – | – | 0.349 |
Asian (South Asian, East Asian, Southeast Asian, Filipino, West Asian, Arab) | 827 (4.51) | 21 (3.4) | 806 (4.55) | ||
White | 16,894 (92.21) | 588 (94.03) | 16,307 (92.14) | ||
Latin American Hispanic | 162 (0.89) | – | – | ||
Black | 97 (0.53) | – | – | ||
Other (Jewish and others) | 273 (1.49) | 11 (1.76) | 262 (1.48) | ||
Diabetes, n (%) | 735 (4.01) | 58 (9.28) | 677 (3.83) | < 0.001 | |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 377 (2.06) | 40 (6.4) | 337 (1.9) | < 0.001 | |
Depression, n (%) | 2011 (10.98) | 79 (12.64) | 1932 (10.92) | 0.179 | |
Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 10,946 (59.74) | 396 (63.36) | 10,550 (59.61) | 0.061 | |
Smoking status, n (%) | Never | 10,107 (55.16) | 290 (46.37) | 9823 (55.51) | < 0.001 |
Former | 6773 (36.97) | 276 (44.15) | 6491 (36.68) | ||
Current | 1442 (7.87) | 59 (9.48) | 1383 (7.81) | ||
Ever smoked, n (%) | 8215 (44.84) | 335 (53.63) | 7874 (44.49) | < 0.001 | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | Never | 1279 (6.98) | 56 (8.97) | 1224 (6.92) | 0.189 |
≤ 1 time a week | 9642 (52.63) | 341 (54.52) | 9307 (52.59) | ||
2 to 3 times a week | 3820 (20.85) | 123 (19.77) | 3689 (20.85) | ||
4 to 5 times a week | 1988 (10.85) | 55 (8.74) | 1938 (10.95) | ||
≥ 6 times a week | 1593 (8.69) | 50 (8.0) | 1539 (8.69) | ||
Working status, n (%) | Full time | 11,449 (62.49) | 352 (56.29) | 11,057 (62.48) | < 0.001 |
Part time | 4596 (25.09) | 182 (29.19) | 4422 (24.99) | ||
Other (looking after home, disable/sick, student, unpaid/voluntary) | 1857 (10.13) | 83 (13.23) | 1803 (10.18) | ||
Unemployed | 420 (2.29) | – | – | ||
Total sleep time, n (%) | ≤ 5 h (short sleep duration) | 1192 (6.51) | 47 (7.49) | 1147 (6.48) | < 0.001 |
6 h | 3732 (20.37) | 127 (20.33) | 3604 (20.37) | ||
7 h (reference) | 7048 (38.46) | 200 (32.02) | 6847 (38.69) | ||
8 h | 5115 (27.92) | 185 (29.66) | 4929 (27.85) | ||
≥ 9 h (long sleep duration) | 1235 (6.74) | 66 (10.49) | 1170 (6.61) | ||
Total physical activity time, mean (SE) | 3159.83 (21.43) | 3183.97 (126.52) | 3157.58 (21.68) | 0.825 | |
Total physical activity time, n (%) | Light (< 450 MET minutes/week) | 1668 (9.10) | 84 (13.44) | 1584 (8.95) | 0.001 |
Moderate (450–900 MET minutes/week) | 2067 (11.28) | 69 (11.04) | 1998 (11.29) | ||
Vigorous (> 900 MET minutes/week) | 14,587 (79.61) | 472 (75.52) | 14,115 (79.76) | ||
Total sitting time, mean (SE) | 2488.53 (8.92) | 2389.16 (49.14) | 2490.98 (9.38) | 0.043 | |
Physical activity, n (%) | Low (first quartile of physical activity time and fourth quartile of sitting time) | 1685 (9.19) | 59 (9.47) | 1678 (9.48) | 0.707 |
Moderate (second and third quartile of physical activity time and sitting time) | 14,478 (79.02) | 488 (78.12) | 13,957 (78.87) | ||
High (fourth quartile of physical activity and first quartile of sitting time) | 2159 (11.78) | 78 (12.40) | 2062 (11.65) | ||
Vegetable and fruit consumption, n (%) | Low consumption (less than 5 servings of vegetable and fruit) | 15,264 (83.31) | 544 (87.05) | 14,721 (83.18) | 0.024 |
Moderate consumption (less than 5 servings of vegetable but more than 5 servings of fruit OR more than 5 servings of vegetable but less than 5 servings of fruits | 2536 (13.84) | 68 (10.84) | 2469 (13.95) | ||
High consumption (5 or more servings of vegetable and fruit) | 522 (2.85) | 13 (2.11) | 507(2.87) | ||
Job schedule, n (%) | Regular daytime shift | 12,866 (70.22) | 385 (61.59) | 12,452 (70.36) | < 0.001 |
Other (evening shift, night shift, rotating shift, split shift, irregular shift, or on call) | 5456 (29.78) | 240 (38.41) | 5245 (29.64) | ||
