Table 4 In vitro fermentation parameters after 24 h incubation. Values are means of three replicates ± one standard deviation; the same letters following a parameter value in a row are not significantly different using Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (Pr > F) at a probability level of 0.05.

From: Proof of concept for developing novel feeds for cattle from wasted food and crop biomass to enhance agri-food system efficiency

Analyte

Unit

Dieta

TMR

TMR + 5%NF1

TMR + 10%NF1

TMR + 5%NF2

TMR + 10%NF2

TMR + 10%NF1 + C + P

TMR + 10%NF2 + C + P

pH

 

5.16 ± 0.01c

5.21 ± 0.02b

5.25 ± 0.02a

5.23 ± 0.01ab

5.25 ± 0.04a

5.20 ± 0.02b

5.22 ± 0.02ab

Gas production

mL

106 ± 3a

103 ± 4a

104 ± 5a

99 ± 5a

86 ± 23a

77 ± 29a

88 ± 25a

NH3-N

mg dL-1

11.65 ± 0.74a

10.70 ± 0.65ab

9.95 ± 0.22bc

11.95 ± 0.84a

11.33 ± 1.91ab

8.49 ± 0.33c

11.91 ± 0.98a

Acetic acid

% mmol

48.37 ± 1.25a

50.21 ± 2.14a

50.22 ± 1.04a

50.29 ± 1.83a

50.78 ± 1.01a

48.52 ± 1.71a

50.37 ± 1.79a

Propionic acid

% mmol

30.25 ± 0.43ab

29.45 ± 0.75bc

29.26 ± 0.50c

29.19 ± 0.61c

28.98 ± 0.46c

30.44 ± 0.49a

29.50 ± 0.52abc

Butyric acid

% mmol

16.49 ± 0.73a

15.52 ± 0.85a

15.52 ± 0.52a

15.62 ± 0.84a

15.12 ± 0.59a

16.31 ± 0.85a

15.42 ± 0.91a

Isobytyric acid

% mmol

0.74 ± 0.08a

0.73 ± 0.18a

0.73 ± 0.08a

0.69 ± 0.08a

0.82 ± 0.14a

0.87 ± 0.09a

0.73 ± 0.15a

Isovaleric acid

% mmol

1.78 ± 0.06a

1.80 ± 0.20a

1.91 ± 0.07a

1.87 ± 0.20a

1.95 ± 0.03a

1.79 ± 0.21a

1.77 ± 0.16a

Valeric acid

% mmol

2.36 ± 0.12a

2.29 ± 0.22a

2.37 ± 0.11a

2.33 ± 0.19a

2.35 ± 0.08a

2.27 ± 0.17a

2.21 ± 0.16a

  1. aAbbreviation: TMR, total mixed ration; NF1, novel feed 1 (ensiled product of fresh fruit and vegetables with corn stalks); NF2, novel feed 2 (ensiled product of fresh fruit and vegetables with corn stalks and wet brewers’ grains); C + P, ground corn plus protein mix.
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