Table 1 Extent of stereotypy and behavioural diversity in relation to biological and environmental factors among captive pandas (n = 26 and n = 24 respectively) in Indian zoos: univariate analysis.

From: Predictors of psychological stress and behavioural diversity among captive red panda in Indian zoos and their implications for global captive management

Variables

Categories

Stereotype

Behavioural diversity

% of time spent per day

Test, & (p) value

Shannon–Wiener H

Test, & (p) value

Median ± IQR (n)

Median ± IQR (n)

Biological

Age

Adult

1.08 ± 1.94 (19)

χ2 = 4.56

1.04 ± 0.22 (17)

χ2 = 0.18

Sub-adult

11.37 ± 2.67 (2)

df = 25

1.06 ± 0.07 (2)

df = 23

Cub

0.06 ± 0.00 (5)

(0.033)

0.95 ± 0.31 (5)

(0.916)

Sex

Female

0.70 ± 1.81 (15)

U = 62

1.02 ± 0.28 (14)

U = 62

Male

1.16 ± 1.99 (11)

(0.287)

1.04 ± 0.15 (10)

(0.639)

Sociality

Paired

0.88 ± 2.27 (25)

U = 2

1.02 ± 0.23 (23)

U = 10

Single

8.42 ± 0.00 (01)

(0.161)

1.08 ± 0.00 (01)

(0.828)

Environmental

Season

Winter

0.62 ± 2.51 (18)

U = 61

1.03 ± 0.29 (16)

U = 48

Summer

1.47 ± 1.10 (08)

(0.243)

1.03 ± 0.01 (08)

(0.327)

Zoo

Zoo 1

0.88 ± 1.23 (17)

χ2 = 9.42

1.08 ± 0.27 (17)

χ2 = 6.32

Zoo 2

0.08 ± 0.12 (03)

df = 25

0.85 ± 0.11 (03)

df = 23

Zoo 3

2.66 ± 5.73 (06)

(0.009)

0.92 ± 0.18 (04)

(0.043)

Feeding frequency

Once

2.66 ± 5.73 (6)

U = 21

0.95 ± 0.21 (4)

U = 26

Twice

0.66 ± 1.18 (20)

(0.017)

1.06 ± 0.21 (20)

(0.278)

Quantum of bamboo

High

0.88 ± 1.23 (14)

U = 77

1.08 ± 0.19 (14)

U = 58

Low

1.08 ± 2.47 (12)

(0.718)

0.95 ± 0.28 (10)

(0.482)

  1. For more detailed definitions of variables, see Table 5.
  2. U and χ2 indicate the test statistics from the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis H tests respectively; df is degrees of freedom and IQR is interquartile range. Variables showing significant effects are highlighted.
  3. Significant values are in bold.
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