Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the trial population.

From: A cross-sectional study assessing the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and periodontal disease

Variables

All (n = 164)

P. gingivalis < 0.01% (n = 119)

P. gingivalis ≥ 0.01% (n = 45)

p-value

Demographics

Age (years)

57 (15)

55 (15)

60 (15)

0.043

Male (%)

92 (56)

70 (59)

22 (49)

0.255

Comorbidities

Type 2 diabetes (%)

56 (34)

41 (34)

15 (33)

0.893

Hyperlipidemia (%)

59 (36)

46 (39)

13 (29)

0.248

Hypertension (%)

57 (35)

43 (36)

14 (31)

0.55

Hyperuricemia (%)

15 (9)

9 (8)

6 (13)

0.255

Cardiovascular disease (%)

6 (4)

6 (5)

0 (0)

0.126

Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism) (%)

3 (2)

2 (2)

1 (2)

0.819

Concomitant drug use

Anti-diabetic (%)

57 (35)

41 (34)

16 (35)

0.896

DPP4-inhibitor (%)

39 (24)

26 (22)

13 (29)

0.348

Metformin (%)

31 (19)

21 (18)

10 (22)

0.507

Sulfonylurea (%)

17 (10)

11 (9)

6 (13)

0.446

Anti-lipidemic (%)

56 (34)

43 (36)

13 (29)

0.386

Anti-hypertensive (%)

56 (34)

42 (35)

14 (31)

0,617

Anti-platelet (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Laxatives, regular use (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Liver imaging

CAP on VCTE (dB/m)

305 (60)

310 (56)

295 (69)

0.168

LSM on VCTE (kPa)

7.7 (4.3)

7.3 (4.4)

8.6 (3.8)

0.114

Liver fat content on MRI-PDFF (%)

12.4 (6.6)

13.0 (6.6)

10.8 (6.4)

0.091

Liver stiffness on MRE (kPa)

3.2 (1.2)

3.0 (1.3)

3.7 (1.0)

0.0064

Endotoxin

EAA (× 102)

0.1 (0.09)

0.1 (0.08)

0.2 (0.08)

0.001

Metabolic factors

Weight (kg)

72.6 (15.6)

73 (16)

71 (15)

0.473

BMI (kg/m2)

27 (5.3)

27.3 (5.0)

26.1 (6.0)

0.177

Glucose (mg/dL)

109 (35)

112 (38)

101 (26)

0.093

Insulin (μU/mL)

20 (28)

21 (31)

15 (18)

0.183

HOMA-R

6 (10)

7 (11)

4 (8)

0.2

Liver function

Platelet count

22 (8)

22 (9)

20 (4)

0.182

AST (U/L)

37 (21)

35 (21)

42 (22)

0.056

ALT (U/L)

50 (38)

48 (40)

54 (30)

0.434

GGT (U/L)

77 (97)

73 (69)

86 (147)

0.447

ALP (U/L)

241 (91)

238 (88)

250 (99)

0.476

T.Bil (mg/dL)

1.2 (4.8)

1.3 (5.7)

0.7 (0.3)

0.428

Lipids

Tcho (mg/dL)

198 (40)

199 (38)

196 (44)

0.591

LDL-C (mg/dL)

119 (85)

121 (98)

112 (35)

0.56

HDL-C (mg/dL)

43 (82)

40 (95)

50 (15)

0.459

TG (mg/dL)

182 (130)

189 (143)

162 (86)

0.244

Inflammatory markers

hsCRP (mg/L)

0.2 (0.3)

0.2 (0.4)

0.1 (0.2)

0.512

Ferritin (ng/mL)

233 (187)

215 (198)

282 (142)

0.042

Fibrosis marker

Type IV collagen 7s (ng/mL)

4.2 (1.0)

4.2 (1.0)

4.3 (1.0)

0.483

Periodontal assessment

PPD (mm)

2.5 (0.5)

2.4 (0.5)

2.7 (0.5)

0.0091

CAL (mm)

2.5 (0.5)

2.4 (0.5)

2.7 (0.5)

0.0091

BOP (site)

23 (30)

19 (28)

32 (31)

0.0118

Stability of teeth

0

0

0

 

PPD ≥ 4 mm (site)

14 (23)

12 (22)

22 (23)

0.01

Oral bacteria, P. gingivalis (× 106 cells/mL)

0.4 (1.0)

0.2 (0.5)

1.2 (1.6)

 < 0.0001

Antibody titer for P. gingivalis FDC381

0.6 (1.8)

0.5 (1.9)

0.8 (1.4)

0.28

Antibody titer for P. gingivalis SU63

0.9 (2.0)

0.5 (1.5)

2.0 (2.6)

 < 0.0001

IMT mean (R)

0.9 (0.3)

0.9 (0.3)

1.0 (0.3)

0.0402

IMT mean (L)

0.9 (0.3)

0.9 (0.2)

1.0 (0.3)

0.008

IMT max (R)

1.1 (0.5)

1.1 (0.5)

1.2 (0.4)

0.239

IMT max (L)

1.1 (0.5)

1.1 (0.6)

1.2 (0.5)

0.346

  1. ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BMI body mass index, BOP bleeding on probing, CAL clinical attachment level, CAP controlled attenuation parameter, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, EAA endotoxin activity assay, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-R homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IMT (R: right, L: left) intima-media thickness (R, L), LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LSM liver stiffness measurement, MRE magnetic resonance elastography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, PDFF proton density fat fraction, PPD periodontal pocket depth, T.Bil total bilirubin, Tcho total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, VCTE vibration-controlled transient elastography.
  2. aData are reported as means (SDs) or numbers (percentages). The p-values were determined using the t-test.
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