Table 3 Baseline characteristics of the study population.

From: A cross-sectional study assessing the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and periodontal disease

Variables

All (n = 164)

PPD ≥ 4 mm at < 10 sites (n = 112)

PPD ≥ 4 mm at ≥ 10 sites (n = 52)

p-value

Demographics

Age (years)

57 (15)

57 (15)

56 (13)

 

Male (%)

92 (56)

66 (59)

26 (50)

 

Comorbidities

Type 2 diabetes (%)

56 (34)

36 (32)

20 (38)

 

Hyperlipidemia (%)

59 (36)

42 (38)

17 (33)

 

Hypertension (%)

57 (35)

40 (36)

17 (33)

 

Hyperuricemia (%)

15 (9)

10 (9)

5 (10)

 

Cardiovascular disease (%)

6 (4)

5 (4)

1 (2)

 

Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism) (%)

3 (2)

1 (1)

2 (4)

 

Concomitant drug use

Anti-diabetic (%)

57 (35)

37 (33)

20 (38)

 

DPP4-inhibitor (%)

39 (24)

24 (22)

15 (29)

 

Metformin (%)

31 (19)

20 (18)

11 (21)

 

Sulfonylurea (%)

17 (10)

10 (9)

7 (13)

 

Anti-lipidemic (%)

56 (34)

40 (36)

16 (31)

 

Anti-hypertensive (%)

56 (34)

40 (36)

16 (31)

 

Anti-platelet (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Laxatives, regular use (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Liver imaging

CAP on VCTE (dB/m)

305 (60)

305 (56)

304 (68)

 

LSM on VCTE (kPa)

7.7 (4.3)

7.0 (3.9)

9.2 (4.8)

0.0049

Liver fat content on MRI-PDFF (%)

12.4 (6.6)

12.4 (6.8)

12.1 (6.3)

 

Liver stiffness on MRE (kPa)

3.2 (1.2)

3.0 (1.0)

3.6 (1.5)

0.0095

Endotoxin

EAA (× 102)

0.1 (0.09)

0.1 (0.05)

0.2 (0.13)

 < 0.0001

Metabolic factors

Weight (kg)

72.6 (15.6)

72 (16)

72 (16)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

27 (5.3)

27.0 (4.9)

26.7 (6.1)

 

Glucose (mg/dL)

109 (35)

109 (32)

106 (40)

 

Insulin (μU/mL)

20 (28)

21 (32)

17 (19)

 

HOMA-R

6 (10)

6 (11)

6 (11)

 

Liver function

Platelet count

22 (8)

22 (9)

21 (6)

 

AST (U/L)

37 (21)

38 (22)

35 (19)

 

ALT (U/L)

50 (38)

51 (40)

45 (28)

 

GGT (U/L)

77 (97)

80 (109)

65 (54)

 

ALP (U/L)

241 (91)

256 (102)

231 (32)

 

T.Bil (mg/dL)

1.2 (4.8)

1.3 (5.8)

0.8 (0.6)

 

Lipids

Tcho (mg/dL)

198 (40)

201 (39)

193 (43)

 

LDL-C (mg/dL)

119 (85)

124 (101)

108 (31)

 

HDL-C (mg/dL)

43 (82)

40 (98)

49 (19)

 

TG (mg/dL)

182 (130)

185 (135)

178 (126)

 

Inflammatory markers

hsCRP (mg/L)

0.2 (0.3)

0.2 (0.4)

0.2 (0.3)

 

Ferritin (ng/mL)

233 (187)

228 (200)

241 (151)

 

Fibrosis marker

Type IV collagen 7s (ng/mL)

4.2 (1.0)

4.2 (0.9)

4.4 (1.2)

 

Periodontal assessment

PPD (mm)

2.5 (0.5)

2.3 (0.3)

3.0 (0.5)

 < 0.0001

CAL (mm)

2.5 (0.5)

2.3 (0.3)

3.0 (0.5)

 < 0.0001

BOP (site)

23 (30)

12 (15)

47 (40)

 < 0.0001

Stability of teeth

0

0

0

 

PPD ≥ 4 mm (site)

10 (14)

3 (3)

26 (17)

 < 0.0001

Oral bacteria, P. gingivalis (× 106 cells/mL)

0.4 (1.0)

0.1 (0.3)

0.9 (1.6)

 < 0.0001

Antibody titer for P. gingivalis FDC381

0.6 (1.8)

0.5 (1.5)

0.8 (2.4)

 

Antibody titer for P. gingivalis SU63

0.9 (2.0)

0.6 (1.3)

1.5 (2.5)

0.0029

IMT mean (R)

0.9 (0.3)

0.8 (0.2)

1.2 (0.2)

 < 0.0001

IMT mean (L)

0.9 (0.3)

0.8 (0.2)

1.1 (0.3)

 < 0.0001

IMT max (R)

1.1 (0.5)

1.0 (0.4)

1.5 (0.4)

 < 0.0001

IMT max (L)

1.1 (0.5)

1.0 (0.5)

1.5 (0.5)

 < 0.0001

  1. ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BMI body mass index, BOP bleeding on probing, CAP controlled attenuation parameter, CAL clinical attachment level, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, EAA endotoxin activity assay, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-R homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IMT (R: right, L: left) intima-media thickness (R, L), LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LSM liver stiffness measurement, MRE magnetic resonance elastography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, PDFF proton density fat fraction, PPD periodontal pocket depth, T.Bil total bilirubin, Tcho total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, VCTE vibration-controlled transient elastography.
  2. aData are reported as means (SDs) or numbers (percentages). The p-values were determined using the t-test.
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