Table 1 Fixed effects from the LMM. Statistics are reported for each item with slope (b), standard error (SE), degrees of freedom (df), t-value (t), p-value (p), and the 95% confidence interval (CIlower and CIupper).

From: Demand characteristics challenge effects in embodiment and presence

Item

Predictor

b

SE

df

t

p

CIlower

CIupper

Ownership

Intercept

3.233

0.106

165.844

30.636

 < .001

3.025

3.441

Study

0.788

0.211

165.844

3.735

 < .001

0.373

1.205

Movement

2.025

0.101

620.557

19.990

 < .001

1.826

2.224

Visibility

1.052

0.101

620.461

10.456

 < .001

0.854

1.250

Study:Movement

0.898

0.203

620.557

4.434

 < .001

0.501

1.296

Study:Visibility

 − 0.573

0.201

620.461

 − 2.845

 = .005

 − 0.968

 − 0.177

Location

Intercept

3.798

0.111

164.439

34.122

 < .001

3.579

4.017

Study

1.091

0.223

164.439

4.900

 < .001

0.652

1.530

Movement

1.695

0.100

618.904

16.932

 < .001

1.499

1.892

Visibility

0.680

0.100

618.953

6.801

 < .001

0.483

0.876

Study:Movement

0.628

0.200

618.904

3.135

 = .002

0.235

1.021

Study:Visibility

 − 0.761

0.200

618.953

 − 3.806

 < .001

 − 1.153

 − 0.368

Agency

Intercept

4.313

0.107

157.914

40.251

 < .001

4.101

4.524

Study

1.206

0.210

146.530

5.733

 < .001

0.791

1.621

Movement

1.118

0.078

618.799

14.362

 < .001

0.965

1.271

Visibility

0.569

0.081

616.536

7.026

 < .001

0.410

0.728

Study:Visibility

 − 0.679

0.145

617.725

 − 4.693

 < .001

 − 0.963

-0.395

Presence

Intercept

3.711

0.113

163.060

32.842

 < .001

3.488

3.934

Study

1.872

0.222

152.093

8.430

 < .001

1.434

2.310

Movement

0.910

0.080

644.293

11.392

 < .001

0.753

1.066

Visibility

1.005

0.082

640.809

12.309

 < .001

0.845

1.166

Study:Visibility

 − 0.606

0.145

641.592

 − 4.176

 < .001

 − 0.891

 − 0.321

Fear

Intercept

1.809

0.127

161.091

14.194

 < .001

1.557

2.060

Study

 − 0.431

0.249

147.769

 − 1.726

 = .086

 − 0.923

0.061

Movement

0.215

0.089

641.591

2.417

 = .016

0.040

0.389

Visibility

0.343

0.087

639.878

3.962

 < .001

0.173

0.513

Threat

1.176

0.077

642.450

15.208

 < .001

1.024

1.328

Study:Threat

0.441

0.155

642.448

2.851

 = .004

0.137

0.745