Table 1 Long-term implantable devices and their applications.

Cardiac rhythm management devices^{1,2,21,22,23,24}

To treat and manage arrhythmia-related diseases for either too slow of a heart rhythm (e.g. through implantation of a pacemaker) or too fast of a heart rhythm (e.g. through implantation of a defibrillator)

Cochlear implants^9,25,26,27

To treat hearing disorders for patients with severe to profound hearing loss by providing acoustic input through electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve

Retinal prosthesis and bionic vision^{20,26,28,29,30,31,32,33,34}

To restore some vision to patients who have become blind from degenerative retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration

Neurostimulation devices^{20,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45} for:

Spinal cord stimulation^{3,12,14,15,46,47,48,49}

Sacral nerve stimulation^{50,51,52,53,54,55}

Vagal nerve stimulation^{56,57,58,59,60,61}

Deep brain stimulation⁶²

Responsive neurostimulation⁶³

Pain management^{3,15,64,65,66}

Treating symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Treating tremor and severe psychiatric disorders such as depression and obsessive–compulsive disorders^{60,67,68,69,70}

Suppressing and treating epileptic seizures and diagnosing epilepsy^61,63,71,72

Recording electrical signals from the surface of the brain also known as electrocorticography (ECoG)^6,73,74,75

Artificial limb control^74,76

Suppression of involuntary movements⁷⁰

Partial restoration of motor skills for those who have lost functionality through loss of limb or spinal cord injury^13,77,78

Lost body function replacement³²

Blood pressure control and modulation⁵⁹

Development of brain computer interfaces^6,79,80