Figure 3
Skull modularity of anomalepidid scolecophidians. In anomalepidids, the ectopterygoids and maxillae always form left and right modules, typically alongside the other palatomaxillary elements (in italicized boldface) and the prefrontals. (a–f) Typical pattern of anomalepidid skull modularity, illustrated using Liotyphlops argaleus (MCZ R-67933) in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) left lateral, and (d) right lateral views of the skull, and (e) left lateral and (f) right lateral views of the mandible. (g) Network dendrogram of L. argaleus, reflecting this general anomalepidid network structure. Q-modules are indicated by Qmax (represented by the red dotted line). S-modules are indicated by black (p < 0.001), grey (0.001 ≤ p < 0.01), or white (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05) circles. (h) Network representation of the skull of L. argaleus (see Supplementary Fig. S58 for labelled version). ecp ectopterygoid, mx maxilla, pal palatine, pt pterygoid. Dendrogram and network generated in R [v.4.0.3]122 and RStudio [v.1.3.1093]123 (see “Methods” section); specimen visualized in Dragonfly [v.4.1]114. MCZ scan data used by permission of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
