Figure 5 | Scientific Reports

Figure 5

From: Convergence, divergence, and macroevolutionary constraint as revealed by anatomical network analysis of the squamate skull, with an emphasis on snakes

Figure 5

Skull modularity of anilioid snakes. In anilioids, the palatomaxillary elements (in italicized boldface) are integrated to variable extents with the braincase and particularly the snout. (a–f) Representative pattern of anilioid skull modularity, illustrated using Cylindrophis ruffus (UMMZ 201901) in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) left lateral, and (d) right lateral views of the skull, and (e) left lateral and (f) right lateral views of the mandible. (g) Network dendrogram of Cylindrophis, reflecting this network architecture. Q-modules are indicated by Qmax (represented by the red dotted line). S-modules are indicated by black (p < 0.001), grey (0.001 ≤ p < 0.01), or white (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05) circles. (h) Network representation of the skull of Cylindrophis (see Supplementary Fig. S58 for labelled version). ecp ectopterygoid, mx maxilla, pal palatine, pt pterygoid. Dendrogram and network generated in R [v.4.0.3]122 and RStudio [v.1.3.1093]123 (see “Methods” section); specimen visualized in Dragonfly [v.4.1]114.

Back to article page