Figure 6
Skull modularity of non-snake lizards. Patterns of skull integration are highly variable among non-snake lizards, with skull regions often being separated across different modules within individual specimens. This is particularly true for the palatomaxillary elements (in italicized boldface), which are typically integrated to some extent with the snout, circumorbital elements, and braincase. (a–f) Representative pattern of non-snake lizard skull modularity, illustrated using Varanus exanthematicus (FMNH 58299) in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) left lateral, and (d) right lateral views of the skull, and (e) left lateral and (f) right lateral views of the mandible. (g) Network dendrogram of Varanus, reflecting this network architecture. Q-modules are indicated by Qmax (represented by the red dotted line). S-modules are indicated by black (p < 0.001), grey (0.001 ≤ p < 0.01), or white (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05) circles. (h) Network representation of the skull of Varanus (see Supplementary Fig. S58 for labelled version). ecp ectopterygoid, mx maxilla, pal palatine, pt pterygoid. Dendrogram and network generated in R [v.4.0.3]122 and RStudio [v.1.3.1093]123 (see “Methods” section); specimen visualized in Dragonfly [v.4.1]114.
