Figure 7
Skull modularity of booid-pythonoid snakes. In booid-pythonoids, the palatomaxillary elements (in italicized boldface) and prefrontals consistently form left and right modules, often alongside some or all of the snout elements. (a–f) Representative pattern of booid-pythonoid skull modularity, illustrated using Boa constrictor (FMNH 31182) in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) left lateral, and (d) right lateral views of the skull, and (e) left lateral and (f) right lateral views of the mandible. (g) Network dendrogram of Boa, reflecting this network architecture. Q-modules are indicated by Qmax (represented by the red dotted line). S-modules are indicated by black (p < 0.001), grey (0.001 ≤ p < 0.01), or white (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05) circles. (h) Network representation of the skull of Boa (see Supplementary Fig. S58 for labelled version). ecp ectopterygoid, mx maxilla, pal palatine, pt pterygoid. Dendrogram and network generated in R [v.4.0.3]122 and RStudio [v.1.3.1093]123 (see “Methods” section); specimen visualized in Dragonfly [v.4.1]114.
