Table 2 Association between maternal ETS and CHDs by CHD subgroup exposure duration.

From: Association between maternal smoke exposure and congenital heart defects from a case–control study in China

Groups

Non-ETS (No.)

3rd–12th months before pregnancy

0–12th months before pregnancy

12th months before pregnancy to 1st trimester

No

AOR (95% CI)

No

AOR (95% CI)

No

AOR (95% CI)

Controls

504

73

 

127

 

176

 

Total CHDs

356

37

0.86 (0.55, 1.35)

74

0.81 (0.57, 1.14)

282

1.67 (1.28, 2.18)

SPD

261

33

1.07 (0.66, 1.72)

53

0.81 (0.55, 1.20)

185

1.58 (1.18, 2.12)

CTD

93

15

1.57 (0.81, 3.03)

17

0.68 (0.37, 1.27)

71

1.86 (1.21, 2.84)

LVOTO

112

8

0.67 (0.30, 1.48)

23

0.80 (0.47, 1.37)

77

1.69 (1.15, 2.48)

RVOTO

109

13

0.98 (0.50, 1.93)

23

0.77 (0.45, 1.33)

95

1.82 (1.25, 2.67)

Other CHDs

52

4

0.94 (0.31, 2.83)

7

0.53 (0.22, 1.29)

60

2.73 (1.65, 4.51)

  1. Adjusted by maternal age, maternal education level, residence, congenital anomalies family history, maternal folate intake, maternal HNS exposure, paternal smoking.
  2. ETS environmental tobacco smoke, AOR adjusted odds-ratio, CI two-sided confidence interval, SPD septal defects, CTD conotruncal defects, LVOTO left ventricle outflow tract obstruction, RVOTO right ventricle outflow tract obstruction, AVR anomalous venous return.
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