Table 1 Actuation performances of PPy based actuators.

From: Bioinspired polypyrrole based fibrillary artificial muscle with actuation and intrinsic sensing capabilities

Material

Bending

References

Angle/displacement

Speed

Poly(acrylic acid)/polypyrrole hydrogel

Bending angle: 22.02 ± 2.07°

150 s

34

Ti3C2Tx/PPy bilayer film

Displacement: 30 mm at 0.005 Hz

250 s

35

Polyurethane/polypyrrole-p-toluenesulfonate nanofibers

Bending angle: 141°

–

36

Silk-PPy film

Bending angle: 30°

120 s

37

Silk-ppy polymer composite trilayer actuators

Bending angle: 45°

50 s

38

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