Table 1 Maxillofacial bone alterations in current and former Hansen’s disease patients and controls.

From: Clinical and radiological evaluation of maxillofacial and otorhinolaryngological manifestations of Hansen’s disease

Feature

Alteration†

Controls (n = 37)

Current patients (n = 21)

Former patients (n = 16)

p value‡ (controls vs. all patients)

p value‡ (controls vs. recent vs. former patients)

p value‡ (recent vs. former patients)

Osteitis

No

33 (89.2%)

18 (85.7%)

14 (87.5%)

1.000

0.901

1.000

Yes

4 (10.8%)

3 (14.3%)

2 (12.5%)

Nasal bones

None

21 (56.8%)

15 (71.4%)

6 (37.5%)

0.223

0.012

0.012

Mild-to-moderate

15 (40.5%)

6 (28.6%)

5 (31.3%)

Severe

1 (2.7%)

0 (0.0%)

5 (31.3%)

Anterior nasal spine

None

21 (56.8%)

12 (57.1%)

4 (25.0%)

0.211

0.069

0.070

Mild-to-moderate

13 (35.1%)

7 (33.3%)

6 (37.5%)

Severe

3 (8.1%)

2 (9.5%)

6 (37.5%)

Anterior nasal aperture

None

22 (59.5%)

13 (61.9%)

6 (37.5%)

0.488

0.044

0.018

Mild-to-moderate

13 (35.1%)

8 (38.1%)

5 (31.3%)

Severe

2 (5.4%)

0 (0.0%)

5 (31.3%)

Nasal septum

None

36 (97.3%)

20 (95.2%)

12 (75.0%)

0.231

0.020

0.072

Mild-to-moderate

0 (0.0%)

1 (4.8%)

1 (6.3%)

Severe

1 (2.7%)

0 (0.0%)

3 (18.8%)

Inferior nasal turbinates

None

20 (54.1%)

11 (52.4%)

8 (50.0%)

0.781

0.800

0.722

Mild-to-moderate

15 (40.5%)

7 (33.3%)

7 (43.8%)

Severe

2 (5.4%)

3 (14.3%)

1 (6.3%)

Middle nasal turbinates

None

26 (70.3%)

16 (76.2%)

9 (56.3%)

0.403

0.370

0.408

Mild-to-moderate

10 (27.0%)

3 (14.3%)

5 (31.3%)

Severe

1 (2.7%)

2 (9.5%)

2 (12.5%)

Hard palate

Normal

16 (43.2%)

12 (57.1%)

8 (50.0%)

0.414

0.592

0.746

Abnormal

21 (56.8%)

9 (42.9%)

8 (50.0%)

Alveolar process of maxilla (anterior)

None

18 (48.7%)

6 (28.6%)

0 (0.0%)

0.003

0.001

0.051

Mild-to-moderate

15 (40.5%)

9 (42.9%)

8 (50.0%)

Severe

4 (10.8%)

6 (28.6%)

8 (50.0%)

Alveolar process of maxilla (posterior)

None

11 (29.7%)

2 (9.5%)

2 (12.5%)

0.093

0.299

1.000

Mild-to-moderate

16 (43.2%)

9 (42.9%)

7 (43.8%)

Severe

10 (27.0%)

10 (47.6%)

7 (43.8%)

Maxillofacial score

median (IQR)

5 (2–7)

5 (3–7)

7 (5.5–10.5)

0.036

0.010

0.024

  1. †Degree of resorption/atrophy for all features except osteitis (present/absent) and hard palate (normal/thinning with bony discontinuities).
  2. ‡Fisher’s exact (categorical variables) or Kruskal–Wallis test (maxillofacial score).
  3. A maxillofacial bone alteration score was calculated as a sum of the score for each feature, where no change was scored 0, mild-to-moderate alterations 1, and severe 2. This yielded a theoretical range of 0–18.
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