Table 6 Multivariate hazard ratios showing the prognostic value of high versus low/intermediate grade tumors as assessed by pathologists or the deep learning model for different survival endpoints.
From: Deep learning-based breast cancer grading and survival analysis on whole-slide histopathology images
Survival endpoint | Variables | Pathologists | Deep learning model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value | ||
Overall survival | Tumor grade | ||||
Low/intermediate | REF | REF | |||
High | 1.87 (1.24–2.82) | < 0.01 | 1.39 (0.89–2.18) | 0.15 | |
Tumor size | |||||
1A–B | REF | REF | |||
1C | 1.59 (0.91–2.79) | 0.11 | 1.67 (0.95–2.92) | 0.07 | |
2–3 | 1.54 (0.85–2.80) | 0.15 | 1.67 (0.93–3.03) | 0.09 | |
Lymphovascular invasion | |||||
Absent | REF | REF | |||
Present | 2.45 (1.68–3.56) | < 0.01 | 2.61 (1.80–3.78) | < 0.01 | |
Local treatment | |||||
Conserving surgery with radiotherapy | REF | REF | |||
Mastectomy without radiotherapy | 0.96 (0.64–1.44) | 0.84 | 1.02 (0.68–1.52) | 0.93 | |
Other | 2.23 (1.29–3.85) | < 0.01 | 2.30 (1.33–3.98) | < 0.01 | |
Distant recurrence free survival | Tumor grade | ||||
Low/intermediate | REF | REF | |||
High | 1.70 (1.16–2.48) | < 0.01 | 1.49 (0.99–2.25) | 0.06 | |
Tumor size | |||||
1A–B | REF | REF | |||
1C | 2.15 (1.19–3.89) | 0.01 | 2.23 (1.23–4.02) | < 0.01 | |
2–3 | 2.57 (1.39–4.75) | < 0.01 | 2.72 (1.48–5.02) | < 0.01 | |
Lymphovascular invasion | |||||
Absent | REF | REF | |||
Present | 2.70 (1.91–3.82) | < 0.01 | 2.87 (2.03–4.04) | < 0.01 | |
Local treatment | |||||
Conserving surgery with radiotherapy | REF | REF | |||
Mastectomy without radiotherapy | 1.08 (0.75–1.57) | 0.67 | 1.15 (0.79–1.66) | 0.47 | |
Other | 2.24 (1.32–3.81) | < 0.01 | 2.31 (1.36–3.94) | < 0.01 | |
Recurrence free survival | Tumor grade | ||||
Low/intermediate | REF | REF | |||
High | 1.30 (0.94–1.80) | 0.12 | 1.37 (0.96–1.96) | 0.08 | |
Tumor size | |||||
1A–B | REF | REF | |||
1C | 1.64 (1.02–2.61) | 0.04 | 1.65 (1.04–2.63) | 0.03 | |
2–3 | 1.93 (1.18–3.17) | < 0.01 | 1.97 (1.21–3.21) | < 0.01 | |
Lymphovascular invasion | |||||
Absent | REF | REF | |||
Present | 2.70 (1.98–3.68) | < 0.01 | 2.75 (2.02–3.73) | < 0.01 | |
Local treatment | |||||
Conserving surgery with radiotherapy | REF | REF | |||
Mastectomy without radiotherapy | 1.00 (0.72–1.39) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.74–1.42) | 0.88 | |
Other | 1.72 (1.05–2.82) | 0.03 | 1.74 (1.06–2.85) | 0.03 | |
