Table 1 Parameters characterizing the microporous structure of the activated carbons developed by chemical activation of Pine cones with KOH, obtained with different impregnation ratios and process temperatures, based on the analysis of N₂ adsorption isotherms using the BET, DR, LBET, and DFT methods.

Sample	S_BET (m²/g)	V_t (cm³/g)	V_micro (cm³/g)	LBET M No.	V_hA (cm³/g)	Q_A/RT	B_C	h	α	β	S_QSDFT (m²/g)	V_QSDFT (cm³/g)
ACL1	395	0.18	0.18	30	0.156	− 12.90	1.00	9	0.00	1.00	482	0.157
ACL2	697	0.33	0.32	15	0.286	− 12.36	7.66	9	0.00	1.00	887	0.289
ACL3	1534	0.71	0.71	15	0.651	− 10.96	7.62	9	0.04	1.00	1823	0.655
ACM1	634	0.30	0.30	30	0.267	− 12.25	7.61	9	0.02	1.00	944	0.274
ACM2	996	0.47	0.47	15	0.498	− 12.13	7.66	9	0.03	1.00	1590	0.502
ACM3	1922	0.89	0.90	15	0.826	− 9.76	7.62	9	0.01	1.00	2210	0.832
ACH1	888	0.42	0.42	15	0.380	− 12.36	7.66	9	0.04	1.00	1214	0.384
ACH2	1060	0.52	0.52	15	0.464	− 11.30	7.59	9	0.02	1.00	1412	0.467
ACH3	2202	1.01	1.01	15	0.939	− 9.05	7.47	9	0.04	1.00	2285	0.937

Where: S_BET—the specific surface area; V_micro—the micropore volume; V_t—the total pore volume; V_hA—the volume of the first adsorbed layer, Q_A/RT—the dimensionless energy parameter for the first adsorbed layer; B_C—the dimensionless energy parameter for the higher adsorbed layers; α—the geometrical parameter of the porous structure determining the height of the adsorbate molecule clusters; β—the geometrical parameter of the porous structure determining the width of the adsorbate molecule clusters; h—the surface heterogeneity parameter; S_QSDFT—the micropore specific surface area, V_QSDFT—the volume of micropores.

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