Table 2 Prevalence of mental health problems among rural adolescents in India: overall estimate and subgroup analysis

Depression

17

7944

27

17–38

99.08**

Gender

Male

7

1603

29

12–50

98.53**

0.96

Female

9

3922

31

15–50

99.22**

Year of publication

2009–2015

4

2521

20

12–30

96.72**

0.44

2016–2021

13

5423

29

16–45

99.27**

Sample size

< 500

11

2310

31

17–48

98.47**

0.34

≥ 500

6

5634

9

7–36

99.51**

Setting

School-based

13

5572

34

23–45

98.58**

0.05*

Community-based

4

2372

9

5–13

98.94**

Sampling

Probability sampling

10

4962

26

15–39

98.83**

0.86

Non-probability sampling

7

2982

28

11–49

99.27**

Tool used

Screening tool

13

6561

34

23–47

99.05**

0.04*

Diagnostic interview

4

1383

8

3–14

92.09**

Anxiety Disorders (AD)

9

3057

26

16–37

97.82**

Gender

Male

8

1234

25

11–41

97.20**

0.85

Female

8

1773

28

17–40

96.42**

Year of publication

2009–2015

2

579

26

22–30

–

0.98

2016–2021

7

2478

25

13–40

98.36**

Sample size

< 500

6

1379

30

14–47

97.76**

0.29

≥ 500

3

1678

19

13–25

91.01**

Setting

School-based

6

1779

30

15–48

98.32**

0.33

Community-based

3

12778

19

12–26

89.04**

Sampling

Probability sampling

3

857

18

12–25

70.68*

0.36

Non-probability sampling

6

2200

29

16–45

98.35**

Tool used

Screening tool

6

2079

31

17–47

98.25**

0.19

Diagnostic interview

3

978

16

14–19

0.00

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

4

1928

16

7–28

97.73**

Panic Disorder (PD)

4

1928

20

6–41

98.99**

Separation Anxiety (SeA)

4

1928

18

1–47

99.50**

Social Anxiety Disorder (SoA)

8

4509

23

17–30

96.53**

Gender

Male

7

2161

16

11–22

90.46**

0.05*

Female

8

2348

28

20–37

95.46**

Year of publication

2009–2015

2

1497

20

18–22

–

0.59

2016–2021

6

3012

25

15–35

97.49**

Sample size

< 500

3

816

37

34–41

2.34

0.00**

≥ 500

5

3693

17

12–22

93.88**

Setting

School-based

4

1867

23

12–36

96.92**

0.90

Community-based

4

2642

24

15–34

96.83*

Sampling

Probability sampling

4

3139

23

15–33

96.95**

0.95

Non-probability sampling

4

1370

23

11–38

96.93**

Suicidality

9

5798

9

5–13

95.27**

Year of publication

2009–2015

3

294

17

5–35

91.88**

0.17

2016–2021

6

5504

6

3–10

95.42**

Sample size

< 500

6

830

10

5–18

89.43**

0.55

≥ 500

3

4968

7

2–14

98.05**

Setting

School-based

7

1330

11

6–18

90.45**

0.04*

Community-based

2

4468

4

4–5

–

Sampling

Probability sampling

3

815

18

8–30

92.95**

0.02*

Non-probability sampling

6

4983

5

3–8

86.71**

Hyperactivity

7

2951

7

2–14

97.15**

Year of publication

2009–2015

2

1086

21

19–24

–

0.00**

2016–2021

5

1865

4

3–6

53.42

Sample size

< 500

5

1205

5

3–8

72.57

0.26

≥ 500

2

1746

13

11–15

–

Sampling

Probability sampling

2

621

6

4–8

–

0.69

Non-probability sampling

5

2330

7

1–17

98.0**

Emotional problems

6

2751

9

6–13

89.90**

Conduct problems

6

2751

19

11–29

97.00**

Peer problems

6

2751

15

2–36

99.33**