Figure 3

Higher IL-19 protein level in saliva of asymptomatic and severe COVID-19 patients. (A, B) IL-19 levels in plasma and saliva of COVID-19 patients with different severity (asymptomatic [n = 67], mild/moderate [n = 81], and severe [n = 54]), as well as healthy controls (n = 20). (C–E) Correlation of IL-19 saliva level with serum levels of D-dimer, CRP, and ferritin of these patients. (F, G) IL-6 levels in plasma and saliva of COVID-19 patients with different severity. (H–J) Correlation of IL-6 saliva level with serum levels of D-dimer, CRP, and ferritin of these patients. (K) Protein expression of p-STAT3 in saliva of COVID-19 patients (n = 5) and of healthy controls (n = 3). Blots were cut prior to hybridization with antibodies during immunoblotting. The full-length blots (uncut) of the replicates are represented in Supplementary Fig. 1. Statistical tests: Linear regression models adjusted for patient’s demographics factors (age, male sex, and body mass index), comorbidities (diabetes mellitus), and COVID-19 related severity serum markers (D-dimer, C-reactive protein, and ferritin); the Pearson correlation test; and Unpaired t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, depending on the skewness of the data. ns non-significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.